Add correct lifetimes to prevent double creation (#391)

Fixes #390 

- [x] Changelog updated / no changelog update needed

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 ### Changed
 - Made Vector2D::new a const function.
 - The template now uses rust 2021 edition by default.
+- All objects which should only be created once now have the correct lifetimes to only allow one to exist.
 
 ### Fixed
 - Alpha channel is now considered by `include_gfx!()` even when `transparent_colour` is absent.

agb/src/display/bitmap3.rs

@@ -4,19 +4,23 @@ use super::{
     set_graphics_mode, set_graphics_settings, DisplayMode, GraphicsSettings, HEIGHT, WIDTH,
 };
 
-use core::convert::TryInto;
+use core::{convert::TryInto, marker::PhantomData};
 
 const BITMAP_MODE_3: MemoryMapped2DArray<u16, { WIDTH as usize }, { HEIGHT as usize }> =
     unsafe { MemoryMapped2DArray::new(0x600_0000) };
 
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub struct Bitmap3 {}
+pub struct Bitmap3<'gba> {
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
+}
 
-impl Bitmap3 {
+impl Bitmap3<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Bitmap3);
         set_graphics_settings(GraphicsSettings::LAYER_BG2);
-        Bitmap3 {}
+        Bitmap3 {
+            phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Draws point to screen at (x, y) coordinates with colour and panics if

agb/src/display/bitmap4.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use crate::memory_mapped::{MemoryMapped1DArray, MemoryMapped2DArray};
 
 use super::{
@@ -25,13 +27,17 @@ pub enum Page {
 }
 
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub struct Bitmap4 {}
+pub struct Bitmap4<'gba> {
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
+}
 
-impl Bitmap4 {
+impl Bitmap4<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Bitmap4);
         set_graphics_settings(GraphicsSettings::LAYER_BG2);
-        Bitmap4 {}
+        Bitmap4 {
+            phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Draws point on specified page at (x, y) coordinates with colour index

agb/src/display/blend.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 //! ```
 //! where `gba` is a mutable [Gba][crate::Gba] struct.
 
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use crate::{fixnum::Num, memory_mapped::set_bits};
 
 use super::tiled::BackgroundID;
@@ -43,21 +45,22 @@ pub enum BlendMode {
 
 /// Manages the blending, won't cause anything to change unless [Blend::commit]
 /// is called.
-pub struct Blend {
+pub struct Blend<'gba> {
     targets: u16,
     blend_weights: u16,
     fade_weight: u16,
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
 /// When making many modifications to a layer, it is convenient to operate on
 /// that layer directly. This is created by the [Blend::layer] function and
 /// operates on that layer.
-pub struct BlendLayer<'blend> {
+pub struct BlendLayer<'blend, 'gba> {
-    blend: &'blend mut Blend,
+    blend: &'blend mut Blend<'gba>,
     layer: Layer,
 }
 
-impl BlendLayer<'_> {
+impl<'gba> BlendLayer<'_, 'gba> {
     /// Set whether a background is enabled for blending on this layer.
     pub fn set_background_enable(&mut self, background: BackgroundID, enable: bool) -> &mut Self {
         self.blend
@@ -95,12 +98,13 @@ const BLEND_ALPHAS: *mut u16 = 0x0400_0052 as *mut _;
 
 const BLEND_FADES: *mut u16 = 0x0400_0054 as *mut _;
 
-impl Blend {
+impl<'gba> Blend<'gba> {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         let blend = Self {
             targets: 0,
             blend_weights: 0,
             fade_weight: 0,
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         };
         blend.commit();
 
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ impl Blend {
     /// Creates a layer object whose functions work only on that layer,
     /// convenient when performing multiple operations on that layer without the
     /// need of specifying the layer every time.
-    pub fn layer(&mut self, layer: Layer) -> BlendLayer {
+    pub fn layer(&mut self, layer: Layer) -> BlendLayer<'_, 'gba> {
         BlendLayer { blend: self, layer }
     }
 
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ impl Blend {
     }
 }
 
-impl Drop for Blend {
+impl Drop for Blend<'_> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         self.reset().commit();
     }

agb/src/display/mod.rs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub struct Display {
 pub struct ObjectDistribution;
 
 impl ObjectDistribution {
-    pub fn get(&mut self) -> ObjectController {
+    pub fn get(&mut self) -> ObjectController<'_> {
         ObjectController::new()
     }
 }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl ObjectDistribution {
 pub struct WindowDist;
 
 impl WindowDist {
-    pub fn get(&mut self) -> Windows {
+    pub fn get(&mut self) -> Windows<'_> {
         Windows::new()
     }
 }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl WindowDist {
 pub struct BlendDist;
 
 impl BlendDist {
-    pub fn get(&mut self) -> Blend {
+    pub fn get(&mut self) -> Blend<'_> {
         Blend::new()
     }
 }

agb/src/display/object.rs

@@ -694,11 +694,12 @@ impl ObjectControllerStatic {
 
 /// A controller that distributes objects and sprites. This controls sprites and
 /// objects being copied to vram when it needs to be.
-pub struct ObjectController {
+pub struct ObjectController<'gba> {
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
     inner: ObjectControllerReference<'static>,
 }
 
-impl Drop for ObjectController {
+impl<'gba> Drop for ObjectController<'gba> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
             ObjectControllerReference::uninit();
@@ -708,7 +709,7 @@ impl Drop for ObjectController {
 
 const HIDDEN_VALUE: u16 = 0b10 << 8;
 
-impl ObjectController {
+impl<'gba> ObjectController<'gba> {
     /// Commits the objects to vram and delete sprites where possible. This
     /// should be called shortly after having waited for the next vblank to
     /// ensure what is displayed on screen doesn't change part way through.
@@ -759,6 +760,7 @@ impl ObjectController {
         }
 
         Self {
+            phantom: PhantomData,
             inner: unsafe { ObjectControllerReference::init() },
         }
     }

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled0.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use core::cell::RefCell;
+use core::{cell::RefCell, marker::PhantomData};
 
 use super::{
     CreatableRegularTiledMode, MapLoan, RegularBackgroundSize, RegularMap, RegularTiledMode,
@@ -9,18 +9,20 @@ use crate::{
     display::{set_graphics_mode, DisplayMode, Priority},
 };
 
-pub struct Tiled0 {
+pub struct Tiled0<'gba> {
     regular: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
-impl Tiled0 {
+impl Tiled0<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Tiled0);
 
         Self {
             regular: Default::default(),
             screenblocks: Default::default(),
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -33,13 +35,13 @@ impl Tiled0 {
     }
 }
 
-impl TiledMode for Tiled0 {
+impl TiledMode for Tiled0<'_> {
     fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
         &self.screenblocks
     }
 }
 
-impl CreatableRegularTiledMode for Tiled0 {
+impl CreatableRegularTiledMode for Tiled0<'_> {
     const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 4;
 
     fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use core::cell::RefCell;
+use core::{cell::RefCell, marker::PhantomData};
 
 use super::{
     AffineBackgroundSize, AffineMap, AffineTiledMode, CreatableAffineTiledMode,
@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ use crate::{
     display::{set_graphics_mode, tiled::AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET, DisplayMode, Priority},
 };
 
-pub struct Tiled1 {
+pub struct Tiled1<'gba> {
     regular: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     affine: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
-impl Tiled1 {
+impl Tiled1<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Tiled1);
 
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ impl Tiled1 {
             regular: Default::default(),
             affine,
             screenblocks: Default::default(),
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -45,13 +47,13 @@ impl Tiled1 {
     }
 }
 
-impl TiledMode for Tiled1 {
+impl TiledMode for Tiled1<'_> {
     fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
         &self.screenblocks
     }
 }
 
-impl CreatableRegularTiledMode for Tiled1 {
+impl CreatableRegularTiledMode for Tiled1<'_> {
     const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 2;
 
     fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ impl CreatableRegularTiledMode for Tiled1 {
     }
 }
 
-impl CreatableAffineTiledMode for Tiled1 {
+impl CreatableAffineTiledMode for Tiled1<'_> {
     const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 1;
 
     fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled2.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use core::cell::RefCell;
+use core::{cell::RefCell, marker::PhantomData};
 
 use super::{
     AffineBackgroundSize, AffineMap, AffineTiledMode, CreatableAffineTiledMode, MapLoan, TiledMode,
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ use crate::{
     display::{set_graphics_mode, tiled::AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET, DisplayMode, Priority},
 };
 
-pub struct Tiled2 {
+pub struct Tiled2<'gba> {
     affine: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
-impl Tiled2 {
+impl Tiled2<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Tiled2);
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ impl Tiled2 {
         Self {
             affine,
             screenblocks: Default::default(),
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ impl Tiled2 {
     }
 }
 
-impl TiledMode for Tiled2 {
+impl TiledMode for Tiled2<'_> {
     fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
         &self.screenblocks
     }
 }
 
-impl CreatableAffineTiledMode for Tiled2 {
+impl CreatableAffineTiledMode for Tiled2<'_> {
     const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 2;
 
     fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {

agb/src/display/video.rs

@@ -13,27 +13,27 @@ pub struct Video;
 
 impl Video {
     /// Bitmap mode that provides a 16-bit colour framebuffer
-    pub fn bitmap3(&mut self) -> Bitmap3 {
+    pub fn bitmap3(&mut self) -> Bitmap3<'_> {
         unsafe { Bitmap3::new() }
     }
 
     /// Bitmap 4 provides two 8-bit paletted framebuffers with page switching
-    pub fn bitmap4(&mut self) -> Bitmap4 {
+    pub fn bitmap4(&mut self) -> Bitmap4<'_> {
         unsafe { Bitmap4::new() }
     }
 
     /// Tiled 0 mode provides 4 regular, tiled backgrounds
-    pub fn tiled0(&mut self) -> (Tiled0, VRamManager) {
+    pub fn tiled0(&mut self) -> (Tiled0<'_>, VRamManager) {
         (unsafe { Tiled0::new() }, VRamManager::new())
     }
 
     /// Tiled 1 mode provides 2 regular tiled backgrounds and 1 affine tiled background
-    pub fn tiled1(&mut self) -> (Tiled1, VRamManager) {
+    pub fn tiled1(&mut self) -> (Tiled1<'_>, VRamManager) {
         (unsafe { Tiled1::new() }, VRamManager::new())
     }
 
     /// Tiled 2 mode provides 2 affine tiled backgrounds
-    pub fn tiled2(&mut self) -> (Tiled2, VRamManager) {
+    pub fn tiled2(&mut self) -> (Tiled2<'_>, VRamManager) {
         (unsafe { Tiled2::new() }, VRamManager::new())
     }
 }

agb/src/display/window.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 //! The window feature of the GBA.
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use crate::{fixnum::Rect, memory_mapped::MemoryMapped};
 
 use super::{tiled::BackgroundID, DISPLAY_CONTROL, HEIGHT, WIDTH};
@@ -7,10 +9,11 @@ use super::{tiled::BackgroundID, DISPLAY_CONTROL, HEIGHT, WIDTH};
 /// The windows feature of the Game Boy Advance can selectively display
 /// backgrounds or objects on the screen and can selectively enable and disable
 /// effects. This gives out references and holds changes before they can be committed.
-pub struct Windows {
+pub struct Windows<'gba> {
     wins: [MovableWindow; 2],
     out: Window,
     obj: Window,
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
 const REG_HORIZONTAL_BASE: *mut u16 = 0x0400_0040 as *mut _;
@@ -26,12 +29,13 @@ pub enum WinIn {
     Win1,
 }
 
-impl Windows {
+impl<'gba> Windows<'gba> {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         let s = Self {
             wins: [MovableWindow::new(), MovableWindow::new()],
             out: Window::new(),
             obj: Window::new(),
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         };
         s.commit();
         s

agb/src/save/mod.rs

@@ -375,6 +375,7 @@ mod marker {
 /// Allows access to the cartridge's save data.
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct SaveManager {}
+
 impl SaveManager {
     pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
         SaveManager {}

agb/src/sound/mixer/mod.rs

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl MixerController {
     }
 
     /// Get a [`Mixer`] in order to start producing sounds.
-    pub fn mixer(&mut self, frequency: Frequency) -> Mixer {
+    pub fn mixer(&mut self, frequency: Frequency) -> Mixer<'_> {
         Mixer::new(frequency)
     }
 }

agb/src/sound/mixer/sw_mixer.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use core::cell::RefCell;
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
 use core::pin::Pin;
 
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ extern "C" {
 /// }
 /// # }
 /// ```
-pub struct Mixer {
+pub struct Mixer<'gba> {
     interrupt_timer: Timer,
     // SAFETY: Has to go before buffer because it holds a reference to it
     _interrupt_handler: InterruptHandler<'static>,
@@ -91,6 +92,8 @@ pub struct Mixer {
     working_buffer: Box<[Num<i16, 4>], InternalAllocator>,
 
     fifo_timer: Timer,
+
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
 /// A pointer to a currently playing channel.
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ pub struct Mixer {
 /// ```
 pub struct ChannelId(usize, i32);
 
-impl Mixer {
+impl Mixer<'_> {
     pub(super) fn new(frequency: Frequency) -> Self {
         let buffer = Box::pin_in(MixerBuffer::new(frequency), InternalAllocator);
 
@@ -158,6 +161,8 @@ impl Mixer {
 
             working_buffer: working_buffer.into_boxed_slice(),
             fifo_timer,
+
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 

agb/src/timer.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use crate::memory_mapped::MemoryMapped;
 
 const fn timer_data(timer: usize) -> MemoryMapped<u16> {
@@ -39,16 +41,20 @@ pub struct Timer {
 }
 
 #[non_exhaustive]
-pub struct Timers {
+pub struct Timers<'gba> {
     pub timer2: Timer,
     pub timer3: Timer,
+
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'gba ()>,
 }
 
-impl Timers {
+impl Timers<'_> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             timer2: Timer::new(2),
             timer3: Timer::new(3),
+
+            phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ impl TimerController {
         Self {}
     }
 
-    pub fn timers(&mut self) -> Timers {
+    pub fn timers(&mut self) -> Timers<'_> {
         unsafe { Timers::new() }
     }
 }

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/lib.rs

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub struct PlayerDice {
 }
 
 struct Agb<'a> {
-    obj: ObjectController,
+    obj: ObjectController<'a>,
     vblank: VBlank,
     star_background: StarBackground<'a>,
     vram: VRamManager,
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub fn main(mut gba: agb::Gba) -> ! {
     save::init_save(&mut gba).expect("Could not initialize save game");
 
     if save::load_high_score() > 1000 {
-        save::save_high_score(&mut gba, 0).expect("Could not reset high score");
+        save::save_high_score(&mut gba.save, 0).expect("Could not reset high score");
     }
 
     let gfx = gba.display.object.get();
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ pub fn main(mut gba: agb::Gba) -> ! {
                     agb.obj.commit();
                     agb.sfx.customise();
                     if save::load_high_score() < current_level {
-                        save::save_high_score(&mut gba, current_level)
+                        save::save_high_score(&mut gba.save, current_level)
                             .expect("Could not save high score");
                     }
                     break;

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/save.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use agb::save::Error;
+use agb::save::{Error, SaveManager};
 use agb::sync::Static;
 use agb::Gba;
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub fn init_save(gba: &mut Gba) -> Result<(), Error> {
     if buffer[0] != 0 {
         access.prepare_write(0..1)?.write(0, &[0])?;
         core::mem::drop(access);
-        save_high_score(gba, 0)?;
+        save_high_score(&mut gba.save, 0)?;
     } else {
         let mut buffer = [0; 4];
         access.read(1, &mut buffer)?;
@@ -35,9 +35,8 @@ pub fn load_high_score() -> u32 {
     HIGH_SCORE.read()
 }
 
-pub fn save_high_score(gba: &mut Gba, score: u32) -> Result<(), Error> {
+pub fn save_high_score(save: &mut SaveManager, score: u32) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    gba.save
+    save.access()?
-        .access()?
         .prepare_write(1..5)?
         .write(1, &score.to_le_bytes())?;
     HIGH_SCORE.write(score);

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/sfx.rs

@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ enum BattleOrMenu {
 }
 
 pub struct Sfx<'a> {
-    mixer: &'a mut Mixer,
+    mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>,
     state: BattleOrMenu,
 
     current_bgm: ChannelId,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Sfx<'a> {
-    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>) -> Self {
         let mut title_music = SoundChannel::new_high_priority(TITLE_BGM);
         title_music.should_loop();
         let title_channel = mixer.play_sound(title_music).unwrap();

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/lib.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use agb::{
     sound::mixer::Frequency,
 };
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use sfx::SfxPlayer;
 
 mod enemies;
 mod level_display;
@@ -693,7 +694,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PlayingLevel<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn update_frame(
         &mut self,
-        sfx_player: &mut sfx::SfxPlayer,
+        sfx_player: &mut SfxPlayer,
         vram: &mut VRamManager,
         controller: &'a ObjectController,
     ) -> UpdateState {
@@ -798,13 +799,17 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
         }
     }
 
+    let mut mixer = agb.mixer.mixer(Frequency::Hz10512);
+
+    mixer.enable();
+    let mut sfx = sfx::SfxPlayer::new(&mut mixer);
+
     world_display.commit(&mut vram);
     world_display.show();
 
     splash_screen::show_splash_screen(
         splash_screen::SplashScreen::Start,
-        None,
+        &mut sfx,
-        None,
         &mut splash_screen,
         &mut vram,
     );
@@ -816,10 +821,6 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
         vram.set_background_palettes(tile_sheet::PALETTES);
 
         let object = agb.display.object.get();
-        let mut mixer = agb.mixer.mixer(Frequency::Hz10512);
-
-        mixer.enable();
-        let mut music_box = sfx::MusicBox::new();
 
         let vblank = agb::interrupt::VBlank::get();
         let mut current_level = 0;
@@ -829,8 +830,7 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
                 break;
             }
 
-            music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+            sfx.frame();
-            mixer.frame();
             vblank.wait_for_vblank();
 
             level_display::write_level(
@@ -844,8 +844,7 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
             world_display.commit(&mut vram);
             world_display.show();
 
-            music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+            sfx.frame();
-            mixer.frame();
             vblank.wait_for_vblank();
 
             let map_current_level = current_level;
@@ -889,20 +888,17 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
             );
 
             while level.background.init_background(&mut vram) != PartialUpdateStatus::Done {
-                music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+                sfx.frame();
-                mixer.frame();
                 vblank.wait_for_vblank();
             }
 
             while level.background.init_foreground(&mut vram) != PartialUpdateStatus::Done {
-                music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+                sfx.frame();
-                mixer.frame();
                 vblank.wait_for_vblank();
             }
 
             for _ in 0..20 {
-                music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+                sfx.frame();
-                mixer.frame();
                 vblank.wait_for_vblank();
             }
 
@@ -913,17 +909,12 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
             world_display.hide();
 
             loop {
-                match level.update_frame(
+                match level.update_frame(&mut sfx, &mut vram, &object) {
-                    &mut sfx::SfxPlayer::new(&mut mixer, &music_box),
-                    &mut vram,
-                    &object,
-                ) {
                     UpdateState::Normal => {}
                     UpdateState::Dead => {
                         level.dead_start();
                         while level.dead_update(&object) {
-                            music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+                            sfx.frame();
-                            mixer.frame();
                             vblank.wait_for_vblank();
                             object.commit();
                         }
@@ -935,8 +926,7 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
                     }
                 }
 
-                music_box.before_frame(&mut mixer);
+                sfx.frame();
-                mixer.frame();
                 vblank.wait_for_vblank();
                 object.commit();
             }
@@ -949,8 +939,7 @@ pub fn main(mut agb: agb::Gba) -> ! {
 
         splash_screen::show_splash_screen(
             splash_screen::SplashScreen::End,
-            Some(&mut mixer),
+            &mut sfx,
-            Some(&mut music_box),
             &mut splash_screen,
             &mut vram,
         );

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/sfx.rs

@@ -37,40 +37,14 @@ mod effects {
     pub const SNAIL_DEATH: &[u8] = agb::include_wav!("sfx/snail-death.wav");
 }
 
-pub struct MusicBox {
-    frame: i32,
-}
-
-impl MusicBox {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        MusicBox { frame: 0 }
-    }
-
-    pub fn before_frame(&mut self, mixer: &mut Mixer) {
-        if self.frame == 0 {
-            // play the introduction
-            mixer.play_sound(SoundChannel::new_high_priority(music_data::INTRO_MUSIC));
-        } else if self.frame == music_data::TRIGGER_MUSIC_POINT
-            || (self.frame - music_data::TRIGGER_MUSIC_POINT) % music_data::LOOP_MUSIC == 0
-        {
-            mixer.play_sound(SoundChannel::new_high_priority(music_data::LOOP));
-        }
-
-        self.frame += 1;
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct SfxPlayer<'a> {
-    mixer: &'a mut Mixer,
+    mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>,
     frame: i32,
 }
 
 impl<'a> SfxPlayer<'a> {
-    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer, music_box: &MusicBox) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>) -> Self {
-        SfxPlayer {
+        SfxPlayer { mixer, frame: 0 }
-            mixer,
-            frame: music_box.frame,
-        }
     }
 
     pub fn catch(&mut self) {
@@ -120,7 +94,24 @@ impl<'a> SfxPlayer<'a> {
 
     fn play_random(&mut self, effect: &[&'static [u8]]) {
         self.mixer.play_sound(SoundChannel::new(
-            effect[(self.frame as usize) % effect.len()],
+            effect[agb::rng::gen() as usize % effect.len()],
         ));
     }
+
+    pub fn frame(&mut self) {
+        if self.frame == 0 {
+            // play the introduction
+            self.mixer
+                .play_sound(SoundChannel::new_high_priority(music_data::INTRO_MUSIC));
+        } else if self.frame == music_data::TRIGGER_MUSIC_POINT
+            || (self.frame - music_data::TRIGGER_MUSIC_POINT) % music_data::LOOP_MUSIC == 0
+        {
+            self.mixer
+                .play_sound(SoundChannel::new_high_priority(music_data::LOOP));
+        }
+
+        self.frame += 1;
+
+        self.mixer.frame();
+    }
 }

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/splash_screen.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-use super::sfx::MusicBox;
+use super::sfx::SfxPlayer;
-use agb::{
+use agb::display::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager};
-    display::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager},
-    sound::mixer::Mixer,
-};
 
 agb::include_gfx!("gfx/splash_screens.toml");
 
@@ -13,8 +10,7 @@ pub enum SplashScreen {
 
 pub fn show_splash_screen(
     which: SplashScreen,
-    mut mixer: Option<&mut Mixer>,
+    sfx: &mut SfxPlayer,
-    mut music_box: Option<&mut MusicBox>,
     map: &mut RegularMap,
     vram: &mut VRamManager,
 ) {
@@ -32,13 +28,7 @@ pub fn show_splash_screen(
 
     let mut input = agb::input::ButtonController::new();
 
-    if let Some(ref mut mixer) = mixer {
+    sfx.frame();
-        if let Some(ref mut music_box) = music_box {
-            music_box.before_frame(mixer);
-        }
-        mixer.frame();
-    }
-
     vblank.wait_for_vblank();
 
     for y in 0..20u16 {
@@ -51,13 +41,7 @@ pub fn show_splash_screen(
             );
         }
 
-        if let Some(ref mut mixer) = mixer {
+        sfx.frame();
-            if let Some(ref mut music_box) = music_box {
-                music_box.before_frame(mixer);
-            }
-            mixer.frame();
-        }
-
         vblank.wait_for_vblank();
     }
 
@@ -75,12 +59,8 @@ pub fn show_splash_screen(
         ) {
             break;
         }
-        if let Some(mixer) = &mut mixer {
+
-            if let Some(music_box) = &mut music_box {
+        sfx.frame();
-                music_box.before_frame(mixer);
-            }
-            mixer.frame();
-        }
         vblank.wait_for_vblank();
     }
 

examples/the-purple-night/src/lib.rs

@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ struct Player<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Player<'a> {
-    fn new(object_controller: &'a ObjectController) -> Player {
+    fn new(object_controller: &'a ObjectController<'a>) -> Player {
         let mut entity = Entity::new(
             object_controller,
             Rect::new((0_u16, 0_u16).into(), (4_u16, 12_u16).into()),

examples/the-purple-night/src/sfx.rs

@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ const BLUE_SPIRIT: &[u8] = agb::include_wav!("sfx/03 - Blue Spirit (Main Loop).w
 
 pub struct Sfx<'a> {
     bgm: Option<ChannelId>,
-    mixer: &'a mut Mixer,
+    mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Sfx<'a> {
-    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mixer: &'a mut Mixer<'a>) -> Self {
         Self { mixer, bgm: None }
     }