Add rudimentary affine background layer support.

agb-fixnum/src/lib.rs

@@ -566,6 +566,7 @@ impl<I: FixedWidthUnsignedInteger, const N: usize> Debug for Num<I, N> {
 
 /// A vector of two points: (x, y) represened by integers or fixed point numbers
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+#[repr(C)]
 pub struct Vector2D<T: Number> {
     /// The x coordinate
     pub x: T,
@@ -1211,6 +1212,15 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_only_frac_bits() {
+        let quarter: Num<u8, 8> = num!(0.25);
+        let neg_quarter: Num<i16, 15> = num!(-0.25);
+
+        assert_eq!(quarter + quarter, num!(0.5));
+        assert_eq!(neg_quarter + neg_quarter, num!(-0.5));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_vector_multiplication_and_division() {
         let a: Vector2D<i32> = (1, 2).into();

agb-image-converter/src/lib.rs

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn include_aseprite_inner(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
     let optimised_results = optimiser.optimise_palettes();
 
-    let (palette_data, tile_data, assignments) = palete_tile_data(&optimised_results, &images);
+    let (palette_data, tile_data, assignments) = palette_tile_data(&optimised_results, &images);
 
     let palette_data = palette_data.iter().map(|colours| {
         quote! {
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ fn add_to_optimiser(
     }
 }
 
-fn palete_tile_data(
+fn palette_tile_data(
     optimiser: &Palette16OptimisationResults,
     images: &[Image],
 ) -> (Vec<Vec<u16>>, Vec<u8>, Vec<usize>) {
@@ -293,9 +293,33 @@ fn palete_tile_data(
         .collect();
 
     let mut tile_data = Vec::new();
+    let tile_size = TileSize::Tile8;
 
     for image in images {
-        let tile_size = 8;
+        add_image_to_tile_data(&mut tile_data, image, tile_size, &optimiser)
+    }
+
+    let tile_data = collapse_to_4bpp(&tile_data);
+
+    let assignments = optimiser.assignments.clone();
+
+    (palette_data, tile_data, assignments)
+}
+
+fn collapse_to_4bpp(tile_data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    tile_data
+        .chunks(2)
+        .map(|chunk| chunk[0] | (chunk[1] << 4))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn add_image_to_tile_data(
+    tile_data: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    image: &Image,
+    tile_size: TileSize,
+    optimiser: &&Palette16OptimisationResults,
+) {
+    let tile_size = tile_size.to_size();
     let tiles_x = image.width / tile_size;
     let tiles_y = image.height / tile_size;
 
@@ -309,9 +333,8 @@ fn palete_tile_data(
                     for j in inner_y * 8..inner_y * 8 + 8 {
                         for i in inner_x * 8..inner_x * 8 + 8 {
                             let colour = image.colour(x * tile_size + i, y * tile_size + j);
-                                tile_data.push(
+                            tile_data
-                                    palette.colour_index(colour, optimiser.transparent_colour),
+                                .push(palette.colour_index(colour, optimiser.transparent_colour));
-                                );
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -320,16 +343,6 @@ fn palete_tile_data(
     }
 }
 
-    let tile_data = tile_data
-        .chunks(2)
-        .map(|chunk| chunk[0] | (chunk[1] << 4))
-        .collect();
-
-    let assignments = optimiser.assignments.clone();
-
-    (palette_data, tile_data, assignments)
-}
-
 fn flatten_group(expr: &Expr) -> &Expr {
     match expr {
         Expr::Group(group) => &group.expr,

agb-image-converter/src/rust_generator.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::palette16::Palette16OptimisationResults;
-use crate::TileSize;
+use crate::{add_image_to_tile_data, collapse_to_4bpp, TileSize};
 use crate::{image_loader::Image, ByteString};
 
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
@@ -34,36 +34,11 @@ pub(crate) fn generate_code(
         }
     });
 
-    let tile_size = tile_size.to_size();
+    let mut tile_data = Vec::new();
 
-    let tiles_x = image.width / tile_size;
+    add_image_to_tile_data(&mut tile_data, image, tile_size, &results);
-    let tiles_y = image.height / tile_size;
 
-    let mut tile_data = vec![];
+    let tile_data = collapse_to_4bpp(&tile_data);
-
-    for y in 0..tiles_y {
-        for x in 0..tiles_x {
-            let palette_index = results.assignments[y * tiles_x + x];
-            let palette = &results.optimised_palettes[palette_index];
-
-            for inner_y in 0..tile_size / 8 {
-                for inner_x in 0..tile_size / 8 {
-                    for j in inner_y * 8..inner_y * 8 + 8 {
-                        for i in inner_x * 8..inner_x * 8 + 8 {
-                            let colour = image.colour(x * tile_size + i, y * tile_size + j);
-                            tile_data
-                                .push(palette.colour_index(colour, results.transparent_colour));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let tile_data: Vec<_> = tile_data
-        .chunks(2)
-        .map(|chunk| (chunk[1] << 4) | chunk[0])
-        .collect();
 
     let data = ByteString(&tile_data);
 

agb/examples/animated_background.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use agb::{
     display::{
-        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting},
+        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap},
         Priority,
     },
     include_gfx,

agb/examples/chicken.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #![no_main]
 
 use agb::{
-    display::tiled::{TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting},
+    display::tiled::{TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap},
     display::{
         object::{Object, ObjectController, Size, Sprite},
         palette16::Palette16,

agb/examples/dynamic_tiles.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use agb::display::{
     palette16::Palette16,
-    tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileSetting},
+    tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileSetting, TiledMap},
     Priority,
 };
 

agb/examples/stereo_sound.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use agb::{
     display::{
-        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, RegularMap, TileSetting, VRamManager},
+        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, RegularMap, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager},
         Font, Priority,
     },
     include_font, include_wav,

agb/examples/text_render.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use agb::{
     display::{
-        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileSetting},
+        tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileSetting, TiledMap},
         Font, Priority,
     },
     include_font,

agb/src/display/example_logo.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager};
+use super::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager};
 
 crate::include_gfx!("gfx/agb_logo.toml");
 
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub fn display_logo(map: &mut RegularMap, vram: &mut VRamManager) {
     map.commit(vram);
     map.show();
 }
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::display::{tiled::RegularBackgroundSize, Priority};

agb/src/display/font.rs

@@ -210,6 +210,7 @@ impl<'a> Drop for TextRenderer<'a> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::display::tiled::TiledMap;
     const FONT: Font = crate::include_font!("examples/font/yoster.ttf", 12);
 
     #[test_case]

agb/src/display/object.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use super::{Priority, DISPLAY_CONTROL};
 use crate::agb_alloc::block_allocator::BlockAllocator;
 use crate::agb_alloc::bump_allocator::StartEnd;
 use crate::dma;
-use crate::fixnum::Vector2D;
+use crate::fixnum::{Num, Vector2D};
 use crate::hash_map::HashMap;
 
 use attributes::*;
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ impl ObjectController {
 
                     unsafe {
                         (OBJECT_ATTRIBUTE_MEMORY as *mut u16)
-                            .add((i as usize) * 4)
+                            .add(i * 4)
                             .write_volatile(HIDDEN_VALUE);
                     }
 
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ impl ObjectController {
 
         attrs.a2.set_tile_index(sprite.sprite_location);
         let shape_size = sprite.id.sprite().size.shape_size();
-        attrs.a2.set_palete_bank(sprite.palette_location as u8);
+        attrs.a2.set_palette_bank(sprite.palette_location as u8);
         attrs.a0.set_shape(shape_size.0);
         attrs.a1a.set_size(shape_size.1);
         attrs.a1s.set_size(shape_size.1);
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ impl<'a> Object<'a> {
         object_inner
             .attrs
             .a2
-            .set_palete_bank(sprite.palette_location as u8);
+            .set_palette_bank(sprite.palette_location as u8);
         object_inner.attrs.a0.set_shape(shape_size.0);
         object_inner.attrs.a1a.set_size(shape_size.1);
         object_inner.attrs.a1s.set_size(shape_size.1);
@@ -1193,6 +1193,31 @@ enum ColourMode {
     Eight,
 }
 
+/// The parameters used for the PPU's affine transformation function
+/// that can apply to objects and background layers in modes 1 and 2.
+/// This can be obtained from X/Y scale and rotation angle with
+/// [`agb::syscall::affine_matrix`].
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct AffineMatrixAttributes {
+    /// Adjustment made to *X* coordinate when drawing *horizontal* lines.
+    /// Also known as "dx".
+    /// Typically computed as `x_scale * cos(angle)`.
+    pub p_a: Num<i16, 8>,
+    /// Adjustment made to *X* coordinate along *vertical* lines.
+    /// Also known as "dmx".
+    /// Typically computed as `y_scale * sin(angle)`.
+    pub p_b: Num<i16, 8>,
+    /// Adjustment made to *Y* coordinate along *horizontal* lines.
+    /// Also known as "dy".
+    /// Typically computed as `-x_scale * sin(angle)`.
+    pub p_c: Num<i16, 8>,
+    /// Adjustment made to *Y* coordinate along *vertical* lines.
+    /// Also known as "dmy".
+    /// Typically computed as `y_scale * cos(angle)`.
+    pub p_d: Num<i16, 8>,
+}
+
 // this mod is not public, so the internal parts don't need documenting.
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod attributes {
@@ -1232,7 +1257,7 @@ mod attributes {
     pub(super) struct ObjectAttribute2 {
         pub tile_index: B10,
         pub priority: Priority,
-        pub palete_bank: B4,
+        pub palette_bank: B4,
     }
 }
 

agb/src/display/tiled/infinite_scrolled_map.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
 
-use super::{BackgroundID, MapLoan, RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager};
+use super::{
+    BackgroundID, BackgroundSizePrivate, MapLoan, RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap,
+    VRamManager,
+};
 
 use crate::{
     display,

agb/src/display/tiled/map.rs

@@ -2,31 +2,184 @@ use core::cell::RefCell;
 use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
 use crate::bitarray::Bitarray;
-use crate::display::{Priority, DISPLAY_CONTROL};
+use crate::display::{object::AffineMatrixAttributes, Priority, DISPLAY_CONTROL};
 use crate::dma::dma_copy16;
-use crate::fixnum::Vector2D;
+use crate::fixnum::{Num, Number, Vector2D};
 use crate::memory_mapped::MemoryMapped;
 
-use super::{BackgroundID, RegularBackgroundSize, Tile, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager};
+use super::{
+    AffineBackgroundSize, BackgroundID, BackgroundSize, BackgroundSizePrivate,
+    RegularBackgroundSize, Tile, TileFormat, TileIndex, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager,
+};
 
+use crate::syscall::BgAffineSetData;
 use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
 
+pub(super) trait TiledMapPrivateConst: TiledMapTypes {
+    type TileType: Into<TileIndex> + Copy + Default + Eq + PartialEq;
+    type AffineMatrix;
+    fn x_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position;
+    fn y_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position;
+    fn affine_matrix(&self) -> Self::AffineMatrix;
+    fn background_id(&self) -> usize;
+    fn screenblock(&self) -> usize;
+    fn priority(&self) -> Priority;
+    fn map_size(&self) -> Self::Size;
+    fn bg_x(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position>;
+    fn bg_y(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position>;
+    fn bg_affine_matrix(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::AffineMatrix>;
+    fn bg_control_register(&self) -> MemoryMapped<u16> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0008 + 2 * self.background_id()) }
+    }
+    fn screenblock_memory(&self) -> *mut u16 {
+        (0x0600_0000 + 0x1000 * self.screenblock() as usize / 2) as *mut u16
+    }
+}
+
+trait TiledMapPrivate: TiledMapPrivateConst {
+    fn tiles_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Self::TileType];
+    fn tiles_dirty(&mut self) -> &mut bool;
+    fn x_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position;
+    fn y_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position;
+}
+
+pub trait TiledMapTypes {
+    type Position: Number;
+    type Size: BackgroundSize + Copy;
+}
+
+pub trait TiledMap: TiledMapTypes {
+    fn clear(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager);
+    fn show(&mut self);
+    fn hide(&mut self);
+    fn commit(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager);
+    fn size(&self) -> Self::Size;
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn scroll_pos(&self) -> Vector2D<Self::Position>;
+    fn set_scroll_pos(&mut self, pos: Vector2D<Self::Position>);
+}
+
+impl<T> TiledMap for T
+where
+    T: TiledMapPrivateConst + TiledMapPrivate + TiledMapTypes,
+    T::Size: BackgroundSizePrivate,
+{
+    fn clear(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager) {
+        for tile in self.tiles_mut() {
+            if *tile != Default::default() {
+                vram.remove_tile((*tile).into());
+            }
+
+            *tile = Default::default();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn show(&mut self) {
+        let mode = DISPLAY_CONTROL.get();
+        let new_mode = mode | (1 << (self.background_id() + 0x08)) as u16;
+        DISPLAY_CONTROL.set(new_mode);
+    }
+
+    fn hide(&mut self) {
+        let mode = DISPLAY_CONTROL.get();
+        let new_mode = mode & !(1 << (self.background_id() + 0x08)) as u16;
+        DISPLAY_CONTROL.set(new_mode);
+    }
+
+    fn commit(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager) {
+        let new_bg_control_value = (self.priority() as u16)
+            | ((self.screenblock() as u16) << 8)
+            | (self.map_size().size_flag() << 14);
+
+        self.bg_control_register().set(new_bg_control_value);
+        self.bg_x().set(self.x_scroll());
+        self.bg_y().set(self.y_scroll());
+        self.bg_affine_matrix().set(self.affine_matrix());
+
+        let screenblock_memory = self.screenblock_memory();
+        let x: TileIndex = unsafe { *self.tiles_mut().get_unchecked(0) }.into();
+        let x = x.format().tile_size() / TileFormat::FourBpp.tile_size();
+        if *self.tiles_dirty() {
+            unsafe {
+                dma_copy16(
+                    self.tiles_mut().as_ptr() as *const u16,
+                    screenblock_memory,
+                    self.map_size().num_tiles() / x,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        vram.gc();
+
+        *self.tiles_dirty() = false;
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> Self::Size {
+        self.map_size()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    fn scroll_pos(&self) -> Vector2D<Self::Position> {
+        (self.x_scroll(), self.y_scroll()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn set_scroll_pos(&mut self, pos: Vector2D<Self::Position>) {
+        *self.x_scroll_mut() = pos.x;
+        *self.y_scroll_mut() = pos.y;
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct RegularMap {
     background_id: u8,
-
     screenblock: u8,
+    priority: Priority,
+    size: RegularBackgroundSize,
+
     x_scroll: u16,
     y_scroll: u16,
-    priority: Priority,
 
     tiles: Vec<Tile>,
     tiles_dirty: bool,
-
-    size: RegularBackgroundSize,
 }
 
 pub const TRANSPARENT_TILE_INDEX: u16 = (1 << 10) - 1;
 
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+impl TiledMapPrivate for RegularMap {
+    fn tiles_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Self::TileType] { &mut self.tiles }
+    fn tiles_dirty(&mut self) -> &mut bool { &mut self.tiles_dirty }
+    fn x_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position { &mut self.x_scroll }
+    fn y_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position { &mut self.y_scroll }
+}
+
+impl TiledMapTypes for RegularMap {
+    type Position = u16;
+    type Size = RegularBackgroundSize;
+}
+
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+impl const TiledMapPrivateConst for RegularMap {
+    type TileType = Tile;
+    type AffineMatrix = ();
+    fn x_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position { self.x_scroll }
+    fn y_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position { self.y_scroll }
+    fn affine_matrix(&self) -> Self::AffineMatrix {}
+    fn background_id(&self) -> usize { self.background_id as usize }
+    fn screenblock(&self) -> usize { self.screenblock as usize }
+    fn priority(&self) -> Priority { self.priority }
+    fn map_size(&self) -> Self::Size { self.size }
+    fn bg_x(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0010 + 4 * self.background_id as usize) }
+    }
+    fn bg_y(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0012 + 4 * self.background_id as usize) }
+    }
+    fn bg_affine_matrix(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::AffineMatrix> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0) }
+    }
+}
+
 impl RegularMap {
     pub(crate) fn new(
         background_id: u8,
@@ -36,16 +189,15 @@ impl RegularMap {
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             background_id,
-
             screenblock,
+            priority,
+            size,
+
             x_scroll: 0,
             y_scroll: 0,
-            priority,
 
             tiles: vec![Default::default(); size.num_tiles()],
             tiles_dirty: true,
-
-            size,
         }
     }
 
@@ -56,11 +208,11 @@ impl RegularMap {
         tileset: &TileSet<'_>,
         tile_setting: TileSetting,
     ) {
-        let pos = self.size.gba_offset(pos);
+        let pos = self.map_size().gba_offset(pos);
 
-        let old_tile = self.tiles[pos];
+        let old_tile = self.tiles_mut()[pos];
         if old_tile != Tile::default() {
-            vram.remove_tile(old_tile.tile_index());
+            vram.remove_tile(old_tile.into());
         }
 
         let tile_index = tile_setting.index();
@@ -77,86 +229,129 @@ impl RegularMap {
             return;
         }
 
-        self.tiles[pos] = new_tile;
+        self.tiles_mut()[pos] = new_tile;
-        self.tiles_dirty = true;
+        *self.tiles_dirty() = true;
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager) {
-        for tile in self.tiles.iter_mut() {
-            if *tile != Tile::default() {
-                vram.remove_tile(tile.tile_index());
-            }
-
-            *tile = Tile::default();
     }
 }
 
-    pub fn show(&mut self) {
+pub struct AffineMap {
-        let mode = DISPLAY_CONTROL.get();
+    background_id: u8,
-        let new_mode = mode | (1 << (self.background_id + 0x08));
+    screenblock: u8,
-        DISPLAY_CONTROL.set(new_mode);
+    priority: Priority,
+    size: AffineBackgroundSize,
+
+    bg_center: Vector2D<Num<i32, 8>>,
+    transform: BgAffineSetData,
+
+    tiles: Vec<u8>,
+    tiles_dirty: bool,
 }
 
-    pub fn hide(&mut self) {
+#[rustfmt::skip]
-        let mode = DISPLAY_CONTROL.get();
+impl TiledMapPrivate for AffineMap {
-        let new_mode = mode & !(1 << (self.background_id + 0x08));
+    fn tiles_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Self::TileType] { &mut self.tiles }
-        DISPLAY_CONTROL.set(new_mode);
+    fn tiles_dirty(&mut self) -> &mut bool { &mut self.tiles_dirty }
+    fn x_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position { &mut self.transform.position.x }
+    fn y_scroll_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Position { &mut self.transform.position.y }
 }
 
-    pub fn commit(&mut self, vram: &mut VRamManager) {
+impl TiledMapTypes for AffineMap {
-        let new_bg_control_value = (self.priority as u16)
+    type Position = Num<i32, 8>;
-            | (u16::from(self.screenblock) << 8)
+    type Size = AffineBackgroundSize;
-            | (self.size.size_flag() << 14);
+}
 
-        self.bg_control_register().set(new_bg_control_value);
+#[rustfmt::skip]
-        self.bg_h_offset().set(self.x_scroll);
+impl const TiledMapPrivateConst for AffineMap {
-        self.bg_v_offset().set(self.y_scroll);
+    type TileType = u8;
-
+    type AffineMatrix = AffineMatrixAttributes;
-        let screenblock_memory = self.screenblock_memory();
+    fn x_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position { self.transform.position.x }
-
+    fn y_scroll(&self) -> Self::Position { self.transform.position.y }
-        if self.tiles_dirty {
+    fn affine_matrix(&self) -> Self::AffineMatrix { self.transform.matrix }
-            unsafe {
+    fn background_id(&self) -> usize { self.background_id as usize }
-                dma_copy16(
+    fn screenblock(&self) -> usize { self.screenblock as usize }
-                    self.tiles.as_ptr() as *const u16,
+    fn priority(&self) -> Priority { self.priority }
-                    screenblock_memory,
+    fn map_size(&self) -> Self::Size { self.size }
-                    self.size.num_tiles(),
+    fn bg_x(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position> {
-                );
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0008 + 0x10 * self.background_id()) }
+    }
+    fn bg_y(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::Position> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_000c + 0x10 * self.background_id()) }
+    }
+    fn bg_affine_matrix(&self) -> MemoryMapped<Self::AffineMatrix> {
+        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0000 + 0x10 * self.background_id()) }
     }
 }
 
-        vram.gc();
+impl AffineMap {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        background_id: u8,
+        screenblock: u8,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: AffineBackgroundSize,
+        bg_center: Vector2D<Num<i32, 8>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            background_id,
+            screenblock,
+            priority,
+            size,
 
-        self.tiles_dirty = false;
+            bg_center,
+            transform: Default::default(),
+
+            tiles: vec![Default::default(); size.num_tiles()],
+            tiles_dirty: true,
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn set_scroll_pos(&mut self, pos: Vector2D<u16>) {
+    pub fn set_tile(
-        self.x_scroll = pos.x;
+        &mut self,
-        self.y_scroll = pos.y;
+        vram: &mut VRamManager,
+        pos: Vector2D<u16>,
+        tileset: &TileSet<'_>,
+        tile_id: u8,
+    ) {
+        let pos = self.map_size().gba_offset(pos);
+
+        let old_tile = self.tiles_mut()[pos];
+        if old_tile != 0 {
+            vram.remove_tile(old_tile.into());
         }
 
-    #[must_use]
+        let tile_index = tile_id as u16;
-    pub fn scroll_pos(&self) -> Vector2D<u16> {
+
-        (self.x_scroll, self.y_scroll).into()
+        let new_tile = if tile_index != TRANSPARENT_TILE_INDEX {
+            let new_tile_idx = vram.add_tile(tileset, tile_index);
+            new_tile_idx.raw_index() as u8
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        if old_tile == new_tile {
+            // no need to mark as dirty if nothing changes
+            return;
         }
 
-    pub(crate) fn size(&self) -> RegularBackgroundSize {
+        self.tiles_mut()[pos] = new_tile;
-        self.size
+        *self.tiles_dirty() = true;
     }
 
-    const fn bg_control_register(&self) -> MemoryMapped<u16> {
+    pub fn set_transform_raw(&mut self, transform: BgAffineSetData) {
-        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0008 + 2 * self.background_id as usize) }
+        self.transform = transform;
     }
 
-    const fn bg_h_offset(&self) -> MemoryMapped<u16> {
+    pub fn set_transform(
-        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0010 + 4 * self.background_id as usize) }
+        &mut self,
-    }
+        display_center: Vector2D<i16>,
-
+        scale: Vector2D<Num<i16, 8>>,
-    const fn bg_v_offset(&self) -> MemoryMapped<u16> {
+        rotation: Num<u8, 8>,
-        unsafe { MemoryMapped::new(0x0400_0012 + 4 * self.background_id as usize) }
+    ) {
-    }
+        self.set_transform_raw(crate::syscall::bg_affine_matrix(
-
+            self.bg_center,
-    const fn screenblock_memory(&self) -> *mut u16 {
+            display_center,
-        (0x0600_0000 + 0x1000 * self.screenblock as usize / 2) as *mut u16
+            scale,
+            rotation,
+        ));
     }
 }
 
@@ -165,7 +360,7 @@ pub struct MapLoan<'a, T> {
     background_id: u8,
     screenblock_id: u8,
     screenblock_length: u8,
-    regular_map_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    map_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     screenblock_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
 }
 
@@ -189,7 +384,7 @@ impl<'a, T> MapLoan<'a, T> {
         background_id: u8,
         screenblock_id: u8,
         screenblock_length: u8,
-        regular_map_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+        map_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
         screenblock_list: &'a RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     ) -> Self {
         MapLoan {
@@ -197,7 +392,7 @@ impl<'a, T> MapLoan<'a, T> {
             background_id,
             screenblock_id,
             screenblock_length,
-            regular_map_list,
+            map_list,
             screenblock_list,
         }
     }
@@ -210,7 +405,7 @@ impl<'a, T> MapLoan<'a, T> {
 
 impl<'a, T> Drop for MapLoan<'a, T> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.regular_map_list
+        self.map_list
             .borrow_mut()
             .set(self.background_id as usize, false);
 

agb/src/display/tiled/mod.rs

@@ -1,28 +1,76 @@
 mod infinite_scrolled_map;
 mod map;
 mod tiled0;
+mod tiled1;
+mod tiled2;
 mod vram_manager;
 
-use agb_fixnum::Vector2D;
+use crate::bitarray::Bitarray;
+use crate::display::Priority;
+use agb_fixnum::{Num, Vector2D};
+use core::cell::RefCell;
 pub use infinite_scrolled_map::{InfiniteScrolledMap, PartialUpdateStatus};
-pub use map::{MapLoan, RegularMap};
+pub use map::{AffineMap, MapLoan, RegularMap, TiledMap};
 pub use tiled0::Tiled0;
+pub use tiled1::Tiled1;
+pub use tiled2::Tiled2;
 pub use vram_manager::{DynamicTile, TileFormat, TileIndex, TileSet, VRamManager};
 
+// affine layers start at BG2
+pub(crate) const AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET: usize = 2;
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
 pub enum RegularBackgroundSize {
-    Background32x32,
+    Background32x32 = 0,
-    Background64x32,
+    Background64x32 = 1,
-    Background32x64,
+    Background32x64 = 2,
-    Background64x64,
+    Background64x64 = 3,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct BackgroundID(pub(crate) u8);
 
-impl RegularBackgroundSize {
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum AffineBackgroundSize {
+    Background16x16 = 0,
+    Background32x32 = 1,
+    Background64x64 = 2,
+    Background128x128 = 3,
+}
+
+pub trait BackgroundSize {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+    fn width(&self) -> u32;
+    #[must_use]
+    fn height(&self) -> u32;
+}
+
+pub(super) trait BackgroundSizePrivate: BackgroundSize + Sized {
+    fn size_flag(self) -> u16;
+    fn num_tiles(&self) -> usize {
+        (self.width() * self.height()) as usize
+    }
+    fn num_screen_blocks(&self) -> usize;
+    fn gba_offset(&self, pos: Vector2D<u16>) -> usize;
+    fn tile_pos_x(&self, x: i32) -> u16 {
+        ((x as u32) & (self.width() - 1)) as u16
+    }
+    fn tile_pos_y(&self, y: i32) -> u16 {
+        ((y as u32) & (self.height() - 1)) as u16
+    }
+    fn px_offset_x(&self, x: i32) -> u16 {
+        ((x as u32) & (self.width() * 8 - 1)) as u16
+    }
+    fn px_offset_y(&self, y: i32) -> u16 {
+        ((y as u32) & (self.height() * 8 - 1)) as u16
+    }
+}
+
+impl BackgroundSize for RegularBackgroundSize {
+    #[must_use]
+    fn width(&self) -> u32 {
         match self {
             RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x64 | RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x32 => 32,
             RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x64 | RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x32 => 64,
@@ -30,33 +78,26 @@ impl RegularBackgroundSize {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+    fn height(&self) -> u32 {
         match self {
             RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x32 | RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x32 => 32,
             RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x64 | RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x64 => 64,
         }
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn size_flag(self) -> u16 {
-        match self {
-            RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x32 => 0,
-            RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x32 => 1,
-            RegularBackgroundSize::Background32x64 => 2,
-            RegularBackgroundSize::Background64x64 => 3,
-        }
 }
 
-    pub(crate) fn num_tiles(self) -> usize {
+impl BackgroundSizePrivate for RegularBackgroundSize {
-        (self.width() * self.height()) as usize
+    fn size_flag(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn num_screen_blocks(self) -> usize {
+    fn num_screen_blocks(&self) -> usize {
         self.num_tiles() / (32 * 32)
     }
 
     // This is hilariously complicated due to how the GBA stores the background screenblocks.
     // See https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regbg.htm#sec-map for an explanation
-    pub(crate) fn gba_offset(self, pos: Vector2D<u16>) -> usize {
+    fn gba_offset(&self, pos: Vector2D<u16>) -> usize {
         let x_mod = pos.x & (self.width() as u16 - 1);
         let y_mod = pos.y & (self.height() as u16 - 1);
 
@@ -66,21 +107,43 @@ impl RegularBackgroundSize {
 
         pos as usize
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn tile_pos_x(self, x: i32) -> u16 {
-        ((x as u32) & (self.width() - 1)) as u16
 }
 
-    pub(crate) fn tile_pos_y(self, y: i32) -> u16 {
+impl BackgroundSize for AffineBackgroundSize {
-        ((y as u32) & (self.height() - 1)) as u16
+    #[must_use]
+    fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            AffineBackgroundSize::Background16x16 => 16,
+            AffineBackgroundSize::Background32x32 => 32,
+            AffineBackgroundSize::Background64x64 => 64,
+            AffineBackgroundSize::Background128x128 => 128,
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn px_offset_x(self, x: i32) -> u16 {
+    #[must_use]
-        ((x as u32) & (self.width() * 8 - 1)) as u16
+    fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width()
+    }
 }
 
-    pub(crate) fn px_offset_y(self, y: i32) -> u16 {
+impl BackgroundSizePrivate for AffineBackgroundSize {
-        ((y as u32) & (self.height() * 8 - 1)) as u16
+    fn size_flag(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+
+    fn num_screen_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        // technically 16x16 and 32x32 only use the first 1/8 and 1/2 of the SB, respectively
+        1.max(self.num_tiles() / 2048)
+    }
+
+    // Affine modes don't do the convoluted staggered block layout
+    fn gba_offset(&self, pos: Vector2D<u16>) -> usize {
+        let x_mod = pos.x & (self.width() as u16 - 1);
+        let y_mod = pos.y & (self.height() as u16 - 1);
+
+        let pos = x_mod + (self.width() as u16 * y_mod);
+
+        pos as usize
     }
 }
 
@@ -90,11 +153,11 @@ struct Tile(u16);
 
 impl Tile {
     fn new(idx: TileIndex, setting: TileSetting) -> Self {
-        Self(idx.index() | setting.setting())
+        Self(idx.raw_index() | setting.setting())
     }
 
     fn tile_index(self) -> TileIndex {
-        TileIndex::new(self.0 as usize & ((1 << 10) - 1))
+        TileIndex::new(self.0 as usize & ((1 << 10) - 1), TileFormat::FourBpp)
     }
 }
 
@@ -126,6 +189,149 @@ impl TileSetting {
     }
 }
 
+pub(self) fn find_screenblock_gap(screenblocks: &Bitarray<1>, gap: usize) -> usize {
+    let mut candidate = 0;
+
+    'outer: while candidate < 16 - gap {
+        let starting_point = candidate;
+        for attempt in starting_point..(starting_point + gap) {
+            if screenblocks.get(attempt) == Some(true) {
+                candidate = attempt + 1;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return candidate;
+    }
+
+    panic!(
+        "Failed to find screenblock gap of at least {} elements",
+        gap
+    );
+}
+
+pub(self) trait TiledMode {
+    const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize;
+    const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize;
+    fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>>;
+    fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>>;
+    fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>>;
+}
+
+pub trait RegularTiledMode {
+    fn regular_background(
+        &self,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: RegularBackgroundSize,
+    ) -> MapLoan<'_, RegularMap>;
+}
+
+pub trait AffineTiledMode {
+    fn affine_background(
+        &self,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: AffineBackgroundSize,
+    ) -> MapLoan<'_, AffineMap>;
+}
+
+// withoutboats: https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/const-generics-where-restrictions/12742/6
+pub struct If<const B: bool>;
+pub trait True {}
+impl True for If<true> {}
+
+impl<T> RegularTiledMode for T
+where
+    T: TiledMode,
+    If<{ T::REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS > 0 }>: True,
+{
+    fn regular_background(
+        &self,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: RegularBackgroundSize,
+    ) -> MapLoan<'_, RegularMap> {
+        let mut regular = self.regular().borrow_mut();
+        let new_background = regular.first_zero().unwrap();
+        if new_background >= T::REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS {
+            panic!(
+                "can only have {} active regular backgrounds",
+                T::REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS
+            );
+        }
+
+        let num_screenblocks = size.num_screen_blocks();
+        let mut screenblocks = self.screenblocks().borrow_mut();
+
+        let screenblock = find_screenblock_gap(&screenblocks, num_screenblocks);
+        for id in screenblock..(screenblock + num_screenblocks) {
+            screenblocks.set(id, true);
+        }
+
+        let bg = RegularMap::new(new_background as u8, screenblock as u8 + 16, priority, size);
+
+        regular.set(new_background, true);
+
+        MapLoan::new(
+            bg,
+            new_background as u8,
+            screenblock as u8,
+            num_screenblocks as u8,
+            self.regular(),
+            self.screenblocks(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> AffineTiledMode for T
+where
+    T: TiledMode,
+    If<{ T::AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS > 0 }>: True,
+{
+    fn affine_background(
+        &self,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: AffineBackgroundSize,
+    ) -> MapLoan<'_, AffineMap> {
+        let mut affine = self.affine().borrow_mut();
+        let new_background = affine.first_zero().unwrap();
+        if new_background >= T::AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS + AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET {
+            panic!(
+                "can only have {} active affine backgrounds",
+                T::AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS
+            );
+        }
+
+        let num_screenblocks = size.num_screen_blocks();
+        let mut screenblocks = self.screenblocks().borrow_mut();
+
+        let screenblock = find_screenblock_gap(&screenblocks, num_screenblocks);
+        for id in screenblock..(screenblock + num_screenblocks) {
+            screenblocks.set(id, true);
+        }
+
+        let center_dim = Num::new(size.width() as i32 * 8 / 2);
+        let default_bg_center = (center_dim, center_dim).into();
+
+        let bg = AffineMap::new(
+            new_background as u8,
+            screenblock as u8 + 16,
+            priority,
+            size,
+            default_bg_center,
+        );
+
+        affine.set(new_background, true);
+
+        MapLoan::new(
+            bg,
+            new_background as u8,
+            screenblock as u8,
+            num_screenblocks as u8,
+            self.affine(),
+            self.screenblocks(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled0.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 use core::cell::RefCell;
 
+use super::{MapLoan, RegularBackgroundSize, RegularMap, RegularTiledMode, TiledMode};
 use crate::{
     bitarray::Bitarray,
     display::{set_graphics_mode, DisplayMode, Priority},
 };
 
-use super::{MapLoan, RegularBackgroundSize, RegularMap};
-
 pub struct Tiled0 {
     regular: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
     screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
@@ -27,52 +26,23 @@ impl Tiled0 {
         priority: Priority,
         size: RegularBackgroundSize,
     ) -> MapLoan<'_, RegularMap> {
-        let mut regular = self.regular.borrow_mut();
+        self.regular_background(priority, size)
-        let new_background = regular.first_zero().unwrap();
-        if new_background >= 4 {
-            panic!("can only have 4 active backgrounds");
-        }
-
-        let num_screenblocks = size.num_screen_blocks();
-        let mut screenblocks = self.screenblocks.borrow_mut();
-
-        let screenblock = find_screenblock_gap(&screenblocks, num_screenblocks);
-        for id in screenblock..(screenblock + num_screenblocks) {
-            screenblocks.set(id, true);
-        }
-
-        let bg = RegularMap::new(new_background as u8, screenblock as u8 + 16, priority, size);
-
-        regular.set(new_background, true);
-
-        MapLoan::new(
-            bg,
-            new_background as u8,
-            screenblock as u8,
-            num_screenblocks as u8,
-            &self.regular,
-            &self.screenblocks,
-        )
     }
 }
 
-fn find_screenblock_gap(screenblocks: &Bitarray<1>, gap: usize) -> usize {
+impl TiledMode for Tiled0 {
-    let mut candidate = 0;
+    const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 4;
+    const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 0;
 
-    'outer: while candidate < 16 - gap {
+    fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
-        let starting_point = candidate;
+        &self.screenblocks
-        for attempt in starting_point..(starting_point + gap) {
-            if screenblocks.get(attempt) == Some(true) {
-                candidate = attempt + 1;
-                continue 'outer;
-            }
     }
 
-        return candidate;
+    fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.regular
     }
 
-    panic!(
+    fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
-        "Failed to find screenblock gap of at least {} elements",
+        unimplemented!()
-        gap
+    }
-    );
 }

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use core::cell::RefCell;
+
+use super::TiledMode;
+use crate::{
+    bitarray::Bitarray,
+    display::{set_graphics_mode, tiled::AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET, DisplayMode},
+};
+
+pub struct Tiled1 {
+    regular: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    affine: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+}
+
+impl Tiled1 {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
+        set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Tiled1);
+
+        let affine = RefCell::new(Bitarray::new());
+        for i in 0..AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET {
+            affine.borrow_mut().set(i, true);
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            regular: Default::default(),
+            affine,
+            screenblocks: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TiledMode for Tiled1 {
+    const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 2;
+    const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 1;
+
+    fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.screenblocks
+    }
+
+    fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.regular
+    }
+
+    fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.affine
+    }
+}

agb/src/display/tiled/tiled2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use core::cell::RefCell;
+
+use super::{AffineBackgroundSize, AffineMap, AffineTiledMode, MapLoan, TiledMode};
+use crate::{
+    bitarray::Bitarray,
+    display::{set_graphics_mode, tiled::AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET, DisplayMode, Priority},
+};
+
+pub struct Tiled2 {
+    affine: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+    screenblocks: RefCell<Bitarray<1>>,
+}
+
+impl Tiled2 {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn new() -> Self {
+        set_graphics_mode(DisplayMode::Tiled2);
+
+        let affine = RefCell::new(Bitarray::new());
+        for i in 0..AFFINE_BG_ID_OFFSET {
+            affine.borrow_mut().set(i, true);
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            affine,
+            screenblocks: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn background(
+        &self,
+        priority: Priority,
+        size: AffineBackgroundSize,
+    ) -> MapLoan<'_, AffineMap> {
+        self.affine_background(priority, size)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TiledMode for Tiled2 {
+    const REGULAR_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 0;
+    const AFFINE_BACKGROUNDS: usize = 2;
+
+    fn screenblocks(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.screenblocks
+    }
+
+    fn regular(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn affine(&self) -> &RefCell<Bitarray<1>> {
+        &self.affine
+    }
+}

agb/src/display/tiled/vram_manager.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use core::{alloc::Layout, ptr::NonNull};
 
 use alloc::{slice, vec::Vec};
 
+use crate::display::tiled::Tile;
 use crate::{
     agb_alloc::{block_allocator::BlockAllocator, bump_allocator::StartEnd},
     display::palette16,
@@ -22,18 +23,22 @@ static TILE_ALLOCATOR: BlockAllocator = unsafe {
     })
 };
 
-const TILE_LAYOUT: Layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(8 * 8 / 2, 8 * 8 / 2) };
+const fn layout_of(format: TileFormat) -> Layout {
+    unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(format.tile_size(), format.tile_size()) }
+}
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub enum TileFormat {
     FourBpp,
+    EightBpp,
 }
 
 impl TileFormat {
     /// Returns the size of the tile in bytes
-    fn tile_size(self) -> usize {
+    pub(crate) const fn tile_size(self) -> usize {
         match self {
             TileFormat::FourBpp => 8 * 8 / 2,
+            TileFormat::EightBpp => 8 * 8,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -55,15 +60,50 @@ impl<'a> TileSet<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct TileIndex(u16);
+pub enum TileIndex {
-
+    FourBpp(u16),
-impl TileIndex {
+    EightBpp(u8),
-    pub(crate) const fn new(index: usize) -> Self {
-        Self(index as u16)
 }
 
-    pub(crate) const fn index(self) -> u16 {
+impl TileIndex {
-        self.0
+    pub(crate) const fn new(index: usize, format: TileFormat) -> Self {
+        match format {
+            TileFormat::FourBpp => Self::FourBpp(index as u16),
+            TileFormat::EightBpp => Self::EightBpp(index as u8),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn raw_index(self) -> u16 {
+        match self {
+            TileIndex::FourBpp(x) => x,
+            TileIndex::EightBpp(x) => x as u16,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn format(self) -> TileFormat {
+        match self {
+            TileIndex::FourBpp(_) => TileFormat::FourBpp,
+            TileIndex::EightBpp(_) => TileFormat::EightBpp,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn refcount_key(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            TileIndex::FourBpp(x) => x as usize,
+            TileIndex::EightBpp(x) => x as usize * 2,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Tile> for TileIndex {
+    fn from(tile: Tile) -> Self {
+        tile.tile_index()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for TileIndex {
+    fn from(index: u8) -> TileIndex {
+        TileIndex::new(usize::from(index), TileFormat::EightBpp)
     }
 }
 
@@ -159,7 +199,7 @@ impl DynamicTile<'_> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn tile_index(&self) -> u16 {
         let difference = self.tile_data.as_ptr() as usize - TILE_RAM_START;
-        (difference / (8 * 8 / 2)) as u16
+        (difference / TileFormat::FourBpp.tile_size()) as u16
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,24 +222,27 @@ impl VRamManager {
         }
     }
 
-    fn index_from_reference(reference: TileReference) -> usize {
+    fn index_from_reference(reference: TileReference, format: TileFormat) -> TileIndex {
         let difference = reference.0.as_ptr() as usize - TILE_RAM_START;
-        difference / (8 * 8 / 2)
+        TileIndex::new(difference / format.tile_size(), format)
     }
 
     fn reference_from_index(index: TileIndex) -> TileReference {
-        let ptr = (index.index() * (8 * 8 / 2)) as usize + TILE_RAM_START;
+        let ptr = (index.raw_index() as usize * index.format().tile_size()) + TILE_RAM_START;
         TileReference(NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).unwrap())
     }
 
     #[must_use]
     pub fn new_dynamic_tile<'a>(&mut self) -> DynamicTile<'a> {
+        // TODO: format param?
         let tile_format = TileFormat::FourBpp;
-        let new_reference: NonNull<u32> =
+        let new_reference: NonNull<u32> = unsafe { TILE_ALLOCATOR.alloc(layout_of(tile_format)) }
-            unsafe { TILE_ALLOCATOR.alloc(TILE_LAYOUT) }.unwrap().cast();
+            .unwrap()
+            .cast();
         let tile_reference = TileReference(new_reference);
 
-        let index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference);
+        let index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference, tile_format);
+        let key = index.refcount_key();
 
         let tiles = unsafe {
             slice::from_raw_parts_mut(TILE_RAM_START as *mut u8, 1024 * tile_format.tile_size())
@@ -208,23 +251,21 @@ impl VRamManager {
         let tile_set = TileSet::new(tiles, tile_format);
 
         self.tile_set_to_vram.insert(
-            TileInTileSetReference::new(&tile_set, index as u16),
+            TileInTileSetReference::new(&tile_set, index.raw_index()),
             tile_reference,
         );
 
-        self.reference_counts.resize(
+        self.reference_counts
-            self.reference_counts.len().max(index + 1),
+            .resize(self.reference_counts.len().max(key + 1), Default::default());
-            Default::default(),
+        self.reference_counts[key] =
-        );
+            TileReferenceCount::new(TileInTileSetReference::new(&tile_set, index.raw_index()));
-        self.reference_counts[index] =
-            TileReferenceCount::new(TileInTileSetReference::new(&tile_set, index as u16));
 
         DynamicTile {
             tile_data: unsafe {
                 slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
                     tiles
                         .as_mut_ptr()
-                        .add((index * tile_format.tile_size()) as usize)
+                        .add(index.raw_index() as usize * tile_format.tile_size())
                         .cast(),
                     tile_format.tile_size() / core::mem::size_of::<u32>(),
                 )
@@ -238,8 +279,9 @@ impl VRamManager {
         let pointer = NonNull::new(dynamic_tile.tile_data.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _).unwrap();
         let tile_reference = TileReference(pointer);
 
-        let tile_index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference);
+        // TODO: dynamic_tile.format?
-        self.remove_tile(TileIndex::new(tile_index));
+        let tile_index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference, TileFormat::FourBpp);
+        self.remove_tile(tile_index);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn add_tile(&mut self, tile_set: &TileSet<'_>, tile: u16) -> TileIndex {
@@ -248,37 +290,39 @@ impl VRamManager {
             .get(&TileInTileSetReference::new(tile_set, tile));
 
         if let Some(reference) = reference {
-            let index = Self::index_from_reference(*reference);
+            let tile_index = Self::index_from_reference(*reference, tile_set.format);
-            self.reference_counts[index].increment_reference_count();
+            let key = tile_index.refcount_key();
-            return TileIndex::new(index);
+            self.reference_counts[key].increment_reference_count();
+            return tile_index;
         }
 
         let new_reference: NonNull<u32> =
-            unsafe { TILE_ALLOCATOR.alloc(TILE_LAYOUT) }.unwrap().cast();
+            unsafe { TILE_ALLOCATOR.alloc(layout_of(tile_set.format)) }
+                .unwrap()
+                .cast();
         let tile_reference = TileReference(new_reference);
 
         self.copy_tile_to_location(tile_set, tile, tile_reference);
 
-        let index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference);
+        let index = Self::index_from_reference(tile_reference, tile_set.format);
+        let key = index.refcount_key();
 
         self.tile_set_to_vram
             .insert(TileInTileSetReference::new(tile_set, tile), tile_reference);
 
-        self.reference_counts.resize(
+        self.reference_counts
-            self.reference_counts.len().max(index + 1),
+            .resize(self.reference_counts.len().max(key + 1), Default::default());
-            Default::default(),
-        );
 
-        self.reference_counts[index] =
+        self.reference_counts[key] =
             TileReferenceCount::new(TileInTileSetReference::new(tile_set, tile));
 
-        TileIndex::new(index)
+        index
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn remove_tile(&mut self, tile_index: TileIndex) {
-        let index = tile_index.index() as usize;
+        let key = tile_index.refcount_key();
 
-        let new_reference_count = self.reference_counts[index].decrement_reference_count();
+        let new_reference_count = self.reference_counts[key].decrement_reference_count();
 
         if new_reference_count != 0 {
             return;
@@ -289,23 +333,26 @@ impl VRamManager {
 
     pub(crate) fn gc(&mut self) {
         for tile_index in self.indices_to_gc.drain(..) {
-            let index = tile_index.index() as usize;
+            let key = tile_index.refcount_key() as usize;
-            if self.reference_counts[index].current_count() > 0 {
+            if self.reference_counts[key].current_count() > 0 {
                 continue; // it has since been added back
             }
 
             let tile_reference = Self::reference_from_index(tile_index);
             unsafe {
-                TILE_ALLOCATOR.dealloc_no_normalise(tile_reference.0.cast().as_ptr(), TILE_LAYOUT);
+                TILE_ALLOCATOR.dealloc_no_normalise(
+                    tile_reference.0.cast().as_ptr(),
+                    layout_of(tile_index.format()),
+                );
             }
 
-            let tile_ref = self.reference_counts[index]
+            let tile_ref = self.reference_counts[key]
                 .tile_in_tile_set
                 .as_ref()
                 .unwrap();
 
             self.tile_set_to_vram.remove(tile_ref);
-            self.reference_counts[index].clear();
+            self.reference_counts[key].clear();
         }
     }
 

agb/src/display/video.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::{
     bitmap3::Bitmap3,
     bitmap4::Bitmap4,
-    tiled::{Tiled0, VRamManager},
+    tiled::{Tiled0, Tiled1, Tiled2, VRamManager},
 };
 
 /// The video struct controls access to the video hardware.
@@ -26,4 +26,14 @@ impl Video {
     pub fn tiled0(&mut self) -> (Tiled0, VRamManager) {
         (unsafe { Tiled0::new() }, VRamManager::new())
     }
+
+    /// Tiled 1 mode provides 2 regular tiled backgrounds and 1 affine tiled background
+    pub fn tiled1(&mut self) -> (Tiled1, VRamManager) {
+        (unsafe { Tiled1::new() }, VRamManager::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Tiled 2 mode provides 2 affine tiled backgrounds
+    pub fn tiled2(&mut self) -> (Tiled2, VRamManager) {
+        (unsafe { Tiled2::new() }, VRamManager::new())
+    }
 }

agb/src/lib.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 #![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
 #![feature(allocator_api)]
 #![feature(asm_const)]
+#![feature(const_trait_impl)]
+#![allow(incomplete_features)] // generic_const_exprs, used for bg mode traits
+#![feature(generic_const_exprs)]
 #![warn(clippy::all)]
 #![deny(clippy::must_use_candidate)]
 #![deny(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)]
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@
 /// #
 /// use agb::{
 ///     display::{
-///         tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, Tiled0, VRamManager},
+///         tiled::{RegularBackgroundSize, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, Tiled0, TiledMap, VRamManager},
 ///         Priority,
 ///     },
 ///     include_gfx,

agb/src/memory_mapped.rs

@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ impl<T> MemoryMapped<T> {
     }
 
     pub fn set(&self, val: T) {
+        if core::mem::size_of::<T>() != 0 {
             unsafe { self.address.write_volatile(val) }
         }
     }
+}
 
 impl<T> MemoryMapped<T>
 where

agb/src/syscall.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+use agb_fixnum::Vector2D;
 use core::arch::asm;
+use core::mem::MaybeUninit;
 
-// use crate::display::object::AffineMatrixAttributes;
+use crate::display::object::AffineMatrixAttributes;
+use crate::fixnum::Num;
 
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 
@@ -136,55 +139,103 @@ pub fn arc_tan2(x: i16, y: i32) -> i16 {
     result
 }
 
-// pub fn affine_matrix(
+#[repr(C)]
-//     x_scale: Num<i16, 8>,
+pub struct BgAffineSetData {
-//     y_scale: Num<i16, 8>,
+    pub matrix: AffineMatrixAttributes,
-//     rotation: u8,
+    pub position: Vector2D<Num<i32, 8>>,
-// ) -> AffineMatrixAttributes {
+}
-//     let mut result = AffineMatrixAttributes {
+impl Default for BgAffineSetData {
-//         p_a: 0,
+    fn default() -> Self {
-//         p_b: 0,
+        Self {
-//         p_c: 0,
+            matrix: AffineMatrixAttributes::default(),
-//         p_d: 0,
+            position: (0, 0).into(),
-//     };
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-//     #[allow(dead_code)]
+/// `rotation` is in revolutions.
-//     #[repr(C, packed)]
+#[must_use]
-//     struct Input {
+pub fn bg_affine_matrix(
-//         x_scale: i16,
+    bg_center: Vector2D<Num<i32, 8>>,
-//         y_scale: i16,
+    display_center: Vector2D<i16>,
-//         rotation: u16,
+    scale: Vector2D<Num<i16, 8>>,
-//     }
+    rotation: Num<u8, 8>,
+) -> BgAffineSetData {
+    #[repr(C, packed)]
+    struct Input {
+        bg_center: Vector2D<Num<i32, 8>>,
+        display_center: Vector2D<i16>,
+        scale: Vector2D<Num<i16, 8>>,
+        rotation: u16,
+    }
 
-//     let input = Input {
+    let input = Input {
-//         y_scale: x_scale.to_raw(),
+        bg_center,
-//         x_scale: y_scale.to_raw(),
+        display_center,
-//         rotation: rotation as u16,
+        scale,
-//     };
+        rotation: u16::from(rotation.to_raw()) << 8,
+    };
 
-//     unsafe {
+    let mut output = MaybeUninit::uninit();
-//         asm!("swi 0x0F",
-//             in("r0") &input as *const Input as usize,
-//             in("r1") &mut result as *mut AffineMatrixAttributes as usize,
-//             in("r2") 1,
-//             in("r3") 2,
-//         )
-//     }
 
-//     result
+    unsafe {
-// }
+        asm!(
+        "swi {SWI}",
+        SWI = const { swi_map(0x0E) },
+        in("r0") &input as *const Input,
+        in("r1") output.as_mut_ptr(),
+        in("r2") 1,
+        );
+    }
 
-// #[cfg(test)]
+    unsafe { output.assume_init() }
-// mod tests {
+}
-//     use super::*;
 
-//     #[test_case]
+/// `rotation` is in revolutions.
-//     fn affine(_gba: &mut crate::Gba) {
+#[must_use]
-//         // expect identity matrix
+pub fn obj_affine_matrix(
-//         let one: Num<i16, 8> = 1.into();
+    scale: Vector2D<Num<i16, 8>>,
+    rotation: Num<u8, 8>,
+) -> AffineMatrixAttributes {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[repr(C, packed)]
+    struct Input {
+        scale: Vector2D<Num<i16, 8>>,
+        rotation: u16,
+    }
 
-//         let aff = affine_matrix(one, one, 0);
+    let input = Input {
-//         assert_eq!(aff.p_a, one.to_raw());
+        scale,
-//         assert_eq!(aff.p_d, one.to_raw());
+        rotation: u16::from(rotation.to_raw()) << 8,
-//     }
+    };
-// }
+
+    let mut output = MaybeUninit::uninit();
+
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+        "swi {SWI}",
+        SWI = const { swi_map(0x0F) },
+        in("r0") &input as *const Input,
+        in("r1") output.as_mut_ptr(),
+        in("r2") 1,
+        in("r3") 2,
+        );
+    }
+
+    unsafe { output.assume_init() }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test_case]
+    fn affine(_gba: &mut crate::Gba) {
+        // expect identity matrix
+        let one: Num<i16, 8> = 1.into();
+
+        let aff = obj_affine_matrix((one, one).into(), Num::default());
+        assert_eq!(aff.p_a, one);
+        assert_eq!(aff.p_d, one);
+    }
+}

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/background.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use agb::{
-    display::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager},
+    display::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager},
     include_gfx, rng,
 };
 

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/battle.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::sfx::Sfx;
 use crate::{
     graphics::SELECT_BOX, level_generation::generate_attack, Agb, EnemyAttackType, Face, PlayerDice,
 };
-use agb::display::tiled::RegularMap;
+use agb::display::tiled::{RegularMap, TiledMap};
 use agb::{hash_map::HashMap, input::Button};
 use alloc::vec;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/customise.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use agb::{
     display::{
         object::{Object, ObjectController},
         palette16::Palette16,
-        tiled::{RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting},
+        tiled::{RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap},
         HEIGHT, WIDTH,
     },
     include_gfx,

examples/hyperspace-roll/src/main.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 use agb::display;
 use agb::display::object::ObjectController;
-use agb::display::tiled::VRamManager;
+use agb::display::tiled::{TiledMap, VRamManager};
 use agb::display::Priority;
 use agb::interrupt::VBlank;
 

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/level_display.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use agb::display::{
-    tiled::{RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager},
+    tiled::{RegularMap, TileSet, TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager},
     HEIGHT, WIDTH,
 };
 

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/main.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use agb::{
         object::{Graphics, Object, ObjectController, Tag, TagMap},
         tiled::{
             InfiniteScrolledMap, PartialUpdateStatus, RegularBackgroundSize, TileFormat, TileSet,
-            TileSetting, VRamManager,
+            TileSetting, TiledMap, VRamManager,
         },
         Priority, HEIGHT, WIDTH,
     },

examples/the-hat-chooses-the-wizard/src/splash_screen.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::sfx::MusicBox;
 use agb::{
-    display::tiled::{RegularMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager},
+    display::tiled::{RegularMap, TiledMap, TileFormat, TileSet, TileSetting, VRamManager},
     sound::mixer::Mixer,
 };