AnyMap, a safe and convenient store for one value of each type

AnyMap is a type-safe wrapper around HashMap<TypeId, Box<dyn Any>> that lets you not worry about TypeId or downcasting, but just get on with storing one each of a bag of diverse types, which is really useful for extensibility in some sorts of libraries.

Background

If you’re familiar with Go and Go web frameworks, you may have come across the common “environment” pattern for storing data related to the request. It’s typically something like map[string]interface{} and is accessed with arbitrary strings which may clash and type assertions which are a little unwieldy and must be used very carefully. (Personally I would consider that it is just asking for things to blow up in your face.) In a language like Go, lacking in generics, this is the best that can be done; such a thing cannot possibly be made safe without generics.

As another example of such an interface, JavaScript objects are exactly the same—a mapping of string keys to arbitrary values. (There it is actually more dangerous, because methods and fields/attributes/properties are on the same plane—though it’s possible to use Map these days.)

Fortunately, we can do better than these things in Rust. Our type system is quite equal to easy, robust expression of such problems.

Example

let mut data = anymap::AnyMap::new();
assert_eq!(data.get(), None::<&i32>);
data.insert(42i32);
assert_eq!(data.get(), Some(&42i32));
data.remove::<i32>();
assert_eq!(data.get::<i32>(), None);

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
struct Foo {
    str: String,
}

assert_eq!(data.get::<Foo>(), None);
data.insert(Foo { str: format!("foo") });
assert_eq!(data.get(), Some(&Foo { str: format!("foo") }));
data.get_mut::<Foo>().map(|foo| foo.str.push('t'));
assert_eq!(&*data.get::<Foo>().unwrap().str, "foot");

Features

• Store up to one value for each type in a bag.
• Add Send or Send + Sync bounds.
• You can opt into making the map Clone. (In theory you could add all kinds of other functionality, but you can’t readily make this work generically, and the bones of it are simple enough that it becomes better to make your own extension of Any and reimplement AnyMap.)
• no_std if you like.

Cargo features/dependencies/usage

Typical Cargo.toml usage:

[dependencies]
anymap = "1.0.0-beta.1"

No-std usage, using alloc and the hashbrown crate instead of std::collections::HashMap:

[dependencies]
anymap = { version = "1.0.0-beta.1", default-features = false, features = ["hashbrown"] }

The std feature is enabled by default. The hashbrown feature overrides it. At least one of the two must be enabled.

On stability: hashbrown is still pre-1.0.0 and experiencing breaking changes. Because it’s useful for a small fraction of users, I am retaining it, but with different compatibility guarantees to the typical SemVer ones. Where possible, I will just widen the range for new releases of hashbrown (e.g. change 0.12 to >=0.12, <0.14 when they release 0.13.0), but if an incompatible change occurs, I may drop support for older versions of hashbrown with a bump to the minor part of the anymap version number (e.g. 1.1.0, 1.2.0). Iff you’re using this feature, this is cause to consider using a tilde requirement like "~1.0" (or spell it out as >=1, <1.1).

Unsafe code in this library

This library uses a fair bit of unsafe code for several reasons:

• To support CloneAny, unsafe code is required (because the downcast methods are defined on dyn Any rather than being trait methods); if you wanted to ditch Clone support this unsafety could be removed.

• In the interests of performance, skipping various checks that are unnecessary because of the invariants of the data structure (no need to check the type ID when it’s been statically ensured by being used as the hash map key).

• In the Clone implementation of dyn CloneAny with Send and/or Sync auto traits added, an unsafe block is used where safe code used to be used in order to avoid a spurious future-compatibility lint.

It’s not possible to remove all unsafety from this library without also removing some of the functionality. Still, at the cost of the CloneAny functionality and the raw interface, you can definitely remove all unsafe code. Here’s how you could do it:

• Remove the genericness of it all (choose dyn Any, dyn Any + Send or dyn Any + Send + Sync and stick with it);
• Merge anymap::raw into the normal interface, flattening it;
• Change things like .map(|any| unsafe { any.downcast_unchecked() }) to .and_then(|any| any.downcast()) (performance cost: one extra superfluous type ID comparison, indirect).

Yeah, the performance costs of going safe are quite small. The more serious matter is the loss of Clone.

But frankly, if you wanted to do all this it’d be easier and faster to write it from scratch. The core of the library is actually really simple and perfectly safe, as can be seen in src/lib.rs in the first commit (note that that code won’t run without a few syntactic alterations; it was from well before Rust 1.0 and has things like Any:'static where now we have Any + 'static).

Colophon

Authorship: Chris Morgan is the author and maintainer of this library.

Licensing: this library is distributed under the terms of the Blue Oak Model License 1.0.0, the MIT License and the Apache License, Version 2.0, at your choice. See COPYING for details.