Ongoing documentation work, reworked Toolbar. Moved away from Rc/RefCell approach and will require users to handle interior mutability themselves, because Cocoa makes it tricky to automate. Beginning to figure out the split where macOS/iOS code should live.

examples/autolayout.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! This example showcases setting up a basic application and window, and setting up some views to
 //! work with autolayout.
 
-use cacao::app::{App, AppDelegate};
+use cacao::app::{App, AppDelegate, MacAppDelegate};
 use cacao::color::rgb;
 use cacao::layout::{Layout, LayoutConstraint};
 use cacao::view::View;
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ struct BasicApp {
     window: Window<AppWindow>
 }
 
+impl MacAppDelegate for BasicApp {}
+
 impl AppDelegate for BasicApp {
     fn did_finish_launching(&self) {
         self.window.show();

src/app/delegate.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use objc::runtime::{Class, Object, Sel};
 use url::Url;
 
 use crate::app::APP_PTR;
-use crate::app::traits::AppDelegate;
+use crate::app::traits::{AppDelegate, MacAppDelegate};
 use crate::error::AppKitError;
 use crate::foundation::{id, nil, BOOL, YES, NO, NSUInteger, NSArray, NSString};
 use crate::printing::PrintSettings;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::cloudkit::share::CKShareMetaData;
 
 /// A handy method for grabbing our `AppDelegate` from the pointer. This is different from our
 /// standard `utils` version as this doesn't require `RefCell` backing.
-fn app<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object) -> &T {
+fn app<T>(this: &Object) -> &T {
     unsafe {
         let app_ptr: usize = *this.get_ivar(APP_PTR);
         let app = app_ptr as *const T;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ extern fn did_finish_launching<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationWillBecomeActive` notification.
-extern fn will_become_active<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn will_become_active<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).will_become_active();
 }
 
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ extern fn will_resign_active<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationDidResignActive` notification.
-extern fn did_resign_active<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_resign_active<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).did_resign_active();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a 'applicationShouldTerminate:` notification.
-extern fn should_terminate<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> NSUInteger {
+extern fn should_terminate<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> NSUInteger {
     app::<T>(this).should_terminate().into()
 }
 
@@ -75,38 +75,38 @@ extern fn will_terminate<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationWillHide:` notification.
-extern fn will_hide<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn will_hide<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).will_hide();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationDidHide:` notification.
-extern fn did_hide<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_hide<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).did_hide();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationWillUnhide:` notification.
-extern fn will_unhide<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn will_unhide<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).will_unhide();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationDidUnhide:` notification.
-extern fn did_unhide<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_unhide<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).did_unhide();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationWillUpdate:` notification.
-extern fn will_update<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn will_update<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).will_update();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a `applicationDidUpdate:` notification.
-extern fn did_update<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_update<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).did_update();
 }
 
 /// Fires when the Application Delegate receives a
 /// `applicationShouldHandleReopen:hasVisibleWindows:` notification.
-extern fn should_handle_reopen<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, has_visible_windows: BOOL) -> BOOL {
+extern fn should_handle_reopen<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, has_visible_windows: BOOL) -> BOOL {
     match app::<T>(this).should_handle_reopen(match has_visible_windows {
         YES => true,
         NO => false,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ extern fn should_handle_reopen<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, has
 }
 
 /// Fires when the application delegate receives a `applicationDockMenu:` request.
-extern fn dock_menu<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
+extern fn dock_menu<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
     match app::<T>(this).dock_menu() {
         Some(mut menu) => &mut *menu.inner,
         None => nil
@@ -126,13 +126,13 @@ extern fn dock_menu<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
 }
 
 /// Fires when the application delegate receives a `application:willPresentError:` notification.
-extern fn will_present_error<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, error: id) -> id {
+extern fn will_present_error<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, error: id) -> id {
     let error = AppKitError::new(error);
     app::<T>(this).will_present_error(error).into_nserror()
 }
 
 /// Fires when the application receives a `applicationDidChangeScreenParameters:` notification.
-extern fn did_change_screen_parameters<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_change_screen_parameters<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).did_change_screen_parameters();
 }
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ extern fn accepted_cloudkit_share<T: AppDelegate>(_this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id,
 }
 
 /// Fires when the application receives an `application:openURLs` message.
-extern fn open_urls<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file_urls: id) {
+extern fn open_urls<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file_urls: id) {
     let urls = NSArray::wrap(file_urls).map(|url| {
         let uri = NSString::wrap(unsafe {
             msg_send![url, absoluteString]
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ extern fn open_urls<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file_urls: id)
 }
 
 /// Fires when the application receives an `application:openFileWithoutUI:` message.
-extern fn open_file_without_ui<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn open_file_without_ui<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file: id) -> BOOL {
     let filename = NSString::wrap(file);
 
     match app::<T>(this).open_file_without_ui(filename.to_str()) {
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ extern fn open_file_without_ui<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, fil
 }
 
 /// Fired when the application receives an `applicationShouldOpenUntitledFile:` message.
-extern fn should_open_untitled_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn should_open_untitled_file<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL {
     match app::<T>(this).should_open_untitled_file() {
         true => YES,
         false => NO
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ extern fn should_open_untitled_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id
 }
 
 /// Fired when the application receives an `applicationOpenUntitledFile:` message.
-extern fn open_untitled_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn open_untitled_file<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL {
     match app::<T>(this).open_untitled_file() {
         true => YES,
         false => NO
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ extern fn open_untitled_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BO
 }
 
 /// Fired when the application receives an `application:openTempFile:` message.
-extern fn open_temp_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, filename: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn open_temp_file<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, filename: id) -> BOOL {
     let filename = NSString::wrap(filename);
 
     match app::<T>(this).open_temp_file(filename.to_str()) {
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ extern fn open_temp_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, filename:
 }
 
 /// Fired when the application receives an `application:printFile:` message.
-extern fn print_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn print_file<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file: id) -> BOOL {
     let filename = NSString::wrap(file);
 
     match app::<T>(this).print_file(filename.to_str()) {
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ extern fn print_file<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, file: id) ->
 
 /// Fired when the application receives an `application:printFiles:withSettings:showPrintPanels:`
 /// message.
-extern fn print_files<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, files: id, settings: id, show_print_panels: BOOL) -> NSUInteger {
+extern fn print_files<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, files: id, settings: id, show_print_panels: BOOL) -> NSUInteger {
     let files = NSArray::wrap(files).map(|file| {
         NSString::wrap(file).to_str().to_string()
     });
@@ -277,14 +277,14 @@ extern fn print_files<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, files: id, s
 }
 
 /// Called when the application's occlusion state has changed.
-extern fn did_change_occlusion_state<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
+extern fn did_change_occlusion_state<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     app::<T>(this).occlusion_state_changed();
 }
 
 /// Called when the application receives an `application:delegateHandlesKey:` message.
 /// Note: this may not fire in sandboxed applications. Apple's documentation is unclear on the
 /// matter.
-extern fn delegate_handles_key<T: AppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, key: id) -> BOOL {
+extern fn delegate_handles_key<T: MacAppDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, key: id) -> BOOL {
     let key = NSString::wrap(key);
 
     match app::<T>(this).delegate_handles_key(key.to_str()) {
@@ -299,6 +299,52 @@ pub(crate) fn register_app_delegate_class<T: AppDelegate>() -> *const Class {
     static mut DELEGATE_CLASS: *const Class = 0 as *const Class;
     static INIT: Once = Once::new();
 
+    INIT.call_once(|| unsafe {
+        let superclass = class!(NSObject);
+        let mut decl = ClassDecl::new("RSTAppDelegate", superclass).unwrap();
+
+        decl.add_ivar::<usize>(APP_PTR);
+
+        // Launching Applications
+        decl.add_method(sel!(applicationWillFinishLaunching:), will_finish_launching::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _));
+        decl.add_method(sel!(applicationDidFinishLaunching:), did_finish_launching::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _));
+        
+        // Managing Active Status
+        decl.add_method(sel!(applicationDidBecomeActive:), did_become_active::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _));
+        decl.add_method(sel!(applicationWillResignActive:), will_resign_active::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _));
+
+        // Terminating Applications
+        decl.add_method(sel!(applicationWillTerminate:), will_terminate::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _));
+
+        // User Activities
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:willContinueUserActivityWithType:), will_continue_user_activity_with_type::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id) -> BOOL);
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:continueUserActivity:restorationHandler:), continue_user_activity::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id, id) -> BOOL);
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:didFailToContinueUserActivityWithType:error:), failed_to_continue_user_activity::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id, id));
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:didUpdateUserActivity:), did_update_user_activity::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id));
+
+        // Handling push notifications
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken:), registered_for_remote_notifications::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id));
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError:), failed_to_register_for_remote_notifications::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id));
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:didReceiveRemoteNotification:), did_receive_remote_notification::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id));
+
+        // CloudKit
+        #[cfg(feature = "cloudkit")]
+        decl.add_method(sel!(application:userDidAcceptCloudKitShareWithMetadata:), accepted_cloudkit_share::<T> as extern fn(&Object, _, _, id));
+
+        DELEGATE_CLASS = decl.register();
+    });
+
+    unsafe {
+        DELEGATE_CLASS
+    }
+}
+
+/// Registers an `NSObject` application delegate, and configures it for the various callbacks and
+/// pointers we need to have.
+pub(crate) fn register_mac_app_delegate_class<T: AppDelegate + MacAppDelegate>() -> *const Class {
+    static mut DELEGATE_CLASS: *const Class = 0 as *const Class;
+    static INIT: Once = Once::new();
+
     INIT.call_once(|| unsafe {
         let superclass = class!(NSObject);
         let mut decl = ClassDecl::new("RSTAppDelegate", superclass).unwrap();

src/app/mod.rs

@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ use objc_id::Id;
 use objc::runtime::Object;
 use objc::{class, msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
 
-use crate::dispatcher::Dispatcher;
 use crate::foundation::{id, YES, NO, NSUInteger, AutoReleasePool};
 use crate::menu::Menu;
+use crate::notification_center::Dispatcher;
 
 mod class;
 use class::register_app_class;
 
 mod delegate;
-use delegate::register_app_delegate_class;
+use delegate::{register_app_delegate_class, register_mac_app_delegate_class};
 
-pub mod enums;
+mod enums;
-use enums::AppDelegateResponse;
+pub use enums::*;
 
-pub mod traits;
+mod traits;
-use traits::AppDelegate;
+pub use traits::{AppDelegate, MacAppDelegate};
 
 pub(crate) static APP_PTR: &str = "rstAppPtr";
 
@@ -63,9 +63,38 @@ fn shared_application<F: Fn(id)>(handler: F) {
     handler(app);
 }
 
-/// A wrapper for `NSApplication`. It holds (retains) pointers for the Objective-C runtime, 
+/// A helper method for ensuring that Cocoa is running in multi-threaded mode.
-/// which is where our application instance lives. It also injects an `NSObject` subclass,
+///
-/// which acts as the Delegate, looping back into our Vaulthund shared application.
+/// Why do we need this? According to Apple, if you're going to make use of standard POSIX threads,
+/// you need to, before creating and using a POSIX thread, first create and immediately detach a
+/// `NSThread`. This ensures that Cocoa utilizes proper locking in certain places where it might
+/// not be doing so for performance reasons.
+///
+/// In general, you should aim to just start all of your work inside of your `AppDelegate` methods.
+/// There are some cases where you might want to do things before that, though - and if you spawn a
+/// thread there, just call this first... otherwise you may have some unexpected issues later on.
+///
+/// _(This is called inside the `App::new()` construct for you already, so as long as you're doing
+/// nothing before your `AppDelegate`, you can pay this no mind)._
+pub fn activate_cocoa_multithreading() {
+    unsafe {
+        let thread: id = msg_send![class!(NSThread), new];
+        let _: () = msg_send![thread, start];
+    }
+}
+
+/// A wrapper for `NSApplication` on macOS, and `UIApplication` on iOS.
+///
+/// It holds (retains) a pointer to the Objective-C runtime shared application object, as well as
+/// handles setting up a few necessary pieces:
+///
+/// - It injects an `NSObject` subclass to act as a delegate for lifecycle events.
+/// - It ensures that Cocoa, where appropriate, is operating in multi-threaded mode so POSIX
+/// threads work as intended.
+///
+/// This also enables support for dispatching a message, `M`. Your `AppDelegate` can optionally
+/// implement the `Dispatcher` trait to receive messages that you might dispatch from deeper in the
+/// application.
 pub struct App<T = (), M = ()> {
     pub inner: Id<Object>,
     pub objc_delegate: Id<Object>,
@@ -74,13 +103,30 @@ pub struct App<T = (), M = ()> {
     _t: std::marker::PhantomData<M>
 }
 
-impl<T> App<T> where T: AppDelegate + 'static {
+impl<T> App<T> {  
+    /// Kicks off the NSRunLoop for the NSApplication instance. This blocks when called.
+    /// If you're wondering where to go from here... you need an `AppDelegate` that implements
+    /// `did_finish_launching`. :)
+    pub fn run(&self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let current_app: id = msg_send![class!(NSRunningApplication), currentApplication];
+            let _: () = msg_send![current_app, activateWithOptions:1<<1];
+            let shared_app: id = msg_send![class!(RSTApplication), sharedApplication];
+            let _: () = msg_send![shared_app, run];
+            self.pool.drain();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> App<T> where T: AppDelegate + MacAppDelegate + 'static {
     /// Creates an NSAutoReleasePool, configures various NSApplication properties (e.g, activation
     /// policies), injects an `NSObject` delegate wrapper, and retains everything on the
     /// Objective-C side of things.
     pub fn new(_bundle_id: &str, delegate: T) -> Self {
         // set_bundle_id(bundle_id);
         
+        activate_cocoa_multithreading();
+        
         let pool = AutoReleasePool::new();
 
         let inner = unsafe {
@@ -92,7 +138,7 @@ impl<T> App<T> where T: AppDelegate + 'static {
         let app_delegate = Box::new(delegate);
 
         let objc_delegate = unsafe {
-            let delegate_class = register_app_delegate_class::<T>();
+            let delegate_class = register_mac_app_delegate_class::<T>();
             let delegate: id = msg_send![delegate_class, new];
             let delegate_ptr: *const T = &*app_delegate;
             (&mut *delegate).set_ivar(APP_PTR, delegate_ptr as usize);
@@ -108,19 +154,6 @@ impl<T> App<T> where T: AppDelegate + 'static {
             _t: std::marker::PhantomData
         }
     }
-    
-    /// Kicks off the NSRunLoop for the NSApplication instance. This blocks when called.
-    /// If you're wondering where to go from here... you need an `AppDelegate` that implements
-    /// `did_finish_launching`. :)
-    pub fn run(&self) {
-        unsafe {
-            let current_app: id = msg_send![class!(NSRunningApplication), currentApplication];
-            let _: () = msg_send![current_app, activateWithOptions:1<<1];
-            let shared_app: id = msg_send![class!(RSTApplication), sharedApplication];
-            let _: () = msg_send![shared_app, run];
-            self.pool.drain();
-        }
-    }
 } 
 
 // This is a hack and should be replaced with an actual messaging pipeline at some point. :)

src/app/traits.rs

@@ -27,15 +27,68 @@ pub trait AppDelegate {
     /// through to your shared application, then used the `App::shared()` call.
     fn did_finish_launching(&self) {}
 
-    /// Fired immediately before the application is about to become active.
-    fn will_become_active(&self) {}
-
     /// Fired when the application is about to become active.
     fn did_become_active(&self) {}
 
     /// Fired when the application is about to resign active state.
     fn will_resign_active(&self) {}
     
+    /// Fired when the user is going to continue an activity.
+    fn will_continue_user_activity(&self, _activity_type: &str) -> bool { false }
+
+    /// Fired when data for continuing an activity is available. Currently, the
+    /// `restoration_handler` is not used, but there to communicate intent with what this API will
+    /// eventually be doing.
+    fn continue_user_activity<F: Fn()>(&self, _activity: UserActivity, _restoration_handler: F) -> bool { false }
+
+    /// Fired when the activity could not be continued.
+    fn failed_to_continue_user_activity(&self, _activity_type: &str, _error: AppKitError) {}
+
+    /// Fired after the user activity object has been updated.
+    fn updated_user_activity(&self, _activity: UserActivity) {}
+
+    /// Fired when you've successfully registered for remote notifications with APNS.
+    fn registered_for_remote_notifications(&self, _token: &str) {}
+
+    /// Fired after you've received a push notification from APNS.
+    //fn did_receive_remote_notification(&self, notification: PushNotification) {}
+
+    /// Fired if there was a failure to register for remote notifications with APNS - e.g,
+    /// connection issues or something.
+    fn failed_to_register_for_remote_notifications(&self, _error: AppKitError) {}
+
+    /// Fires after the user accepted a CloudKit sharing invitation associated with your
+    /// application. 
+    #[cfg(feature = "cloudkit")]
+    fn user_accepted_cloudkit_share(&self, _share_metadata: CKShareMetaData) {}
+    
+    /// Fired before the application terminates. You can use this to do any required cleanup.
+    fn will_terminate(&self) {}
+}
+
+/// `SceneDelegate` maps over to the newer iOS13+ API. This is necessary in order to support
+/// multiple windows (scenes) on iPadOS, which is a desirable feature.
+pub trait SceneDelegate {
+    /*fn configuration_for(
+        &mut self,
+        session: SceneSession,
+        options: &[SceneConnectionOptions]
+    ) -> SceneConfiguration {
+
+    }
+
+    fn did_discard(&mut self, sessions: &[SceneSession]) {}
+    */
+}
+
+pub trait IOSAppDelegate {
+
+}
+
+pub trait MacAppDelegate {
+    /// Fired immediately before the application is about to become active.
+    fn will_become_active(&self) {}
+
     /// Fired when the application has resigned active state.
     fn did_resign_active(&self) {}
 
@@ -65,9 +118,6 @@ pub trait AppDelegate {
     /// back.
     fn should_terminate(&self) -> TerminateResponse { TerminateResponse::Now }
 
-    /// Fired before the application terminates. You can use this to do any required cleanup.
-    fn will_terminate(&self) {}
-
     /// Sent by the application to the delegate prior to default behavior to reopen AppleEvents.
     ///
     /// `has_visible_windows` indicates whether the Application object found any visible windows in your application.
@@ -100,37 +150,6 @@ pub trait AppDelegate {
     /// something in their settings).
     fn did_change_screen_parameters(&self) {}
   
-    /// Fired when the user is going to continue an activity.
-    fn will_continue_user_activity(&self, _activity_type: &str) -> bool { false }
-
-    /// Fired when data for continuing an activity is available. Currently, the
-    /// `restoration_handler` is not used, but there to communicate intent with what this API will
-    /// eventually be doing.
-    fn continue_user_activity<F: Fn()>(&self, _activity: UserActivity, _restoration_handler: F) -> bool { false }
-
-    /// Fired when the activity could not be continued.
-    fn failed_to_continue_user_activity(&self, _activity_type: &str, _error: AppKitError) {}
-
-    /// Fired after the user activity object has been updated.
-    fn updated_user_activity(&self, _activity: UserActivity) {}
-
-    /// Fired when you've successfully registered for remote notifications with APNS.
-    fn registered_for_remote_notifications(&self, _token: &str) {
-        
-    }
-
-    /// Fired after you've received a push notification from APNS.
-    //fn did_receive_remote_notification(&self, notification: PushNotification) {}
-
-    /// Fired if there was a failure to register for remote notifications with APNS - e.g,
-    /// connection issues or something.
-    fn failed_to_register_for_remote_notifications(&self, _error: AppKitError) {}
-
-    /// Fires after the user accepted a CloudKit sharing invitation associated with your
-    /// application. 
-    #[cfg(feature = "cloudkit")]
-    fn user_accepted_cloudkit_share(&self, _share_metadata: CKShareMetaData) {}
-   
     /// Fired when you have a list of `Url`'s to open. This is best explained by quoting the Apple
     /// documentation verbatim:
     ///

src/button.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::foundation::{nil, NSString};
 /// A wrapper for `NSButton`. Holds (retains) pointers for the Objective-C runtime 
 /// where our `NSButton` lives.
 pub struct Button {
-    pub inner: Id<Object>
+    pub objc: Id<Object>
 }
 
 impl Button {
@@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ impl Button {
     /// and retains the necessary Objective-C runtime pointer.
     pub fn new(text: &str) -> Self {
         let title = NSString::new(text);
-        let inner = unsafe {
+        let objc = unsafe {
             Id::from_ptr(msg_send![register_class(), buttonWithTitle:title target:nil action:nil])
         };
 
         Button {
-            inner: inner
+            objc: objc
         }
     }
 
     /// Sets the bezel style for this button.
     pub fn set_bezel_style(&self, bezel_style: i32) {
         unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.inner, setBezelStyle:bezel_style];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setBezelStyle:bezel_style];
         }
     }
 }

src/constants.rs

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-//! Constants typically used for referencing around in the Objective-C runtime.
-//! Specific to this crate.
-
-pub(crate) static TOOLBAR_PTR: &str = "rstToolbarPtr";

src/lib.rs

@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ pub mod button;
 pub mod cloudkit;
 
 pub mod color;
-pub mod constants;
-pub mod dispatcher;
 pub mod dragdrop;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod events;
@@ -91,20 +89,20 @@ pub mod geometry;
 pub mod layout;
 pub mod menu;
 pub mod networking;
+pub mod notification_center;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "user-notifications")]
-pub mod notifications;
+pub mod user_notifications;
 
 pub mod pasteboard;
 pub mod printing;
 pub mod toolbar;
 pub mod user_activity;
 pub mod utils;
-pub mod view;
+pub mod user_defaults;
+//pub mod view;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "webview")]
 pub mod webview;
 
 pub mod window;
-
-pub mod prelude;

src/notification_center/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//! A wrapper for `NSNotificationCenter`.
+//!
+//! With this, you can:
+//!
+//! - Register for notifications, both from the system or posted from your code
+//! - Post your own notifications
+//! - Clean up and remove your handlers
+//!
+//! Note that in some cases (e.g, looping) this will be much slower than if you have a handle and
+//! can call through to your desired path directly. This control is provided due to the need for
+//! integrating with certain aspects of the underlying Cocoa/Foundation/Kit frameworks.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//!
+//! ```
+
+use objc::{class, msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
+use objc::runtime::Object;
+use objc_id::ShareId;
+
+mod traits;
+pub use traits::Dispatcher;
+
+/// Wraps a reference to an `NSNotificationCenter` instance. Currently this only supports the
+/// default center; in the future it should aim to support custom variants.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NotificationCenter(pub ShareId<Object>);
+
+impl Default for NotificationCenter {
+    /// Returns a wrapper over `[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]`. From here you can handle
+    /// observing, removing, and posting notifications.
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        NotificationCenter(unsafe {
+            ShareId::from_ptr(msg_send![class!(NSNotificationCenter), defaultCenter])
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl NotificationCenter {
+    pub fn observe<T: Dispatcher>(&self, name: &str, handler: &T) {
+
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove<T: Dispatcher>(&self, name: &str, handler: &T) {
+
+    }
+
+    pub fn post(&self, name: &str) {
+
+    }
+}

src/prelude.rs

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-//! The prelude imports a large amount of useful widgets and traits. You're of course free to
-//! thread imports yourself, but for many smaller applications this module can be quite a time
-//! saver.
-
-pub use crate::app::{App, traits::AppDelegate};
-
-pub use crate::dispatcher::Dispatcher;
-    
-pub use crate::layout::LayoutConstraint;
-
-pub use crate::menu::{Menu, MenuItem};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "user-notifications")]
-pub use crate::notifications::{Notification, NotificationCenter, NotificationAuthOption};
-
-pub use crate::toolbar::{Toolbar, ToolbarController, ToolbarHandle};
-
-pub use crate::networking::URLRequest;
-
-pub use crate::window::{
-    Window, config::WindowConfig, traits::WindowDelegate
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "webview")]
-pub use crate::webview::{
-    WebView, WebViewConfig, WebViewDelegate
-};
-
-pub use crate::view::{View, traits::ViewDelegate};

src/toolbar/class.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 //! Handles the Objective-C functionality for the Toolbar module.
 
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Once;
 
 use objc::declare::ClassDecl;
@@ -8,60 +7,45 @@ use objc::runtime::{Class, Object, Sel};
 use objc::{class, sel, sel_impl};
 
 use crate::foundation::{id, NSArray, NSString};
-use crate::constants::TOOLBAR_PTR;
+use crate::toolbar::{TOOLBAR_PTR, ToolbarDelegate};
-use crate::toolbar::traits::ToolbarController;
 use crate::utils::load;
 
 /// Retrieves and passes the allowed item identifiers for this toolbar.
-extern fn allowed_item_identifiers<T: ToolbarController>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
+extern fn allowed_item_identifiers<T: ToolbarDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
     let toolbar = load::<T>(this, TOOLBAR_PTR);
+    println!("Hitting here?");
 
-    let identifiers: NSArray = {
+    let identifiers: NSArray = toolbar.allowed_item_identifiers().iter().map(|identifier| {
-        let t = toolbar.borrow();
-        (*t).allowed_item_identifiers().iter().map(|identifier| {
         NSString::new(identifier).into_inner()
-        }).collect::<Vec<id>>().into()
+    }).collect::<Vec<id>>().into();
-    };
 
-    Rc::into_raw(toolbar); 
     identifiers.into_inner()
 }
 
 /// Retrieves and passes the default item identifiers for this toolbar.
-extern fn default_item_identifiers<T: ToolbarController>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
+extern fn default_item_identifiers<T: ToolbarDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> id {
     let toolbar = load::<T>(this, TOOLBAR_PTR);
 
-    let identifiers: NSArray = {
+    let identifiers: NSArray = toolbar.default_item_identifiers().iter().map(|identifier| {
-        let t = toolbar.borrow();
-        
-        (*t).default_item_identifiers().iter().map(|identifier| {
         NSString::new(identifier).into_inner()
-        }).collect::<Vec<id>>().into()
+    }).collect::<Vec<id>>().into();
-    };
 
-    Rc::into_raw(toolbar);
     identifiers.into_inner()
 }
 
 /// Loads the controller, grabs whatever item is for this identifier, and returns what the
 /// Objective-C runtime needs.
-extern fn item_for_identifier<T: ToolbarController>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, identifier: id, _: id) -> id {
+extern fn item_for_identifier<T: ToolbarDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, identifier: id, _: id) -> id {
     let toolbar = load::<T>(this, TOOLBAR_PTR);
     let identifier = NSString::wrap(identifier).to_str();
     
-    let mut item = {
+    let mut item = toolbar.item_for(identifier);
-        let t = toolbar.borrow();
+    &mut *item.objc
-        let item = (*t).item_for(identifier);
-        item
-    };
-
-    Rc::into_raw(toolbar);
-    &mut *item.inner
 }
 
 /// Registers a `NSToolbar` subclass, and configures it to hold some ivars for various things we need
 /// to store. We use it as our delegate as well, just to cut down on moving pieces.
-pub(crate) fn register_toolbar_class<T: ToolbarController>() -> *const Class {
+pub(crate) fn register_toolbar_class<T: ToolbarDelegate>() -> *const Class {
     static mut TOOLBAR_CLASS: *const Class = 0 as *const Class;
     static INIT: Once = Once::new();
 

src/toolbar/handle.rs

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-//! A wrapper for the underlying `NSToolbar`, which is safe to clone and pass around. We do this to
-//! provide a uniform and expectable API.
-
-use objc::{msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
-use objc::runtime::Object;
-use objc_id::ShareId;
-
-use crate::foundation::{YES, NO, NSUInteger};
-use crate::toolbar::types::{ToolbarDisplayMode, ToolbarSizeMode};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct ToolbarHandle(pub ShareId<Object>);
-
-impl ToolbarHandle {
-    /// Indicates whether the toolbar shows the separator between the toolbar and the main window
-    /// contents.
-    pub fn set_shows_baseline_separator(&self, shows: bool) {
-        unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.0, setShowsBaselineSeparator:match shows {
-                true => YES,
-                false => NO
-            }];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the toolbar's display mode.
-    pub fn set_display_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarDisplayMode) {
-        let mode: NSUInteger = mode.into();
-
-        unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.0, setDisplayMode:mode];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the toolbar's size mode.
-    pub fn set_size_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarSizeMode) {
-        let mode: NSUInteger = mode.into();
-
-        unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.0, setSizeMode:mode];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set whether the toolbar is visible or not.
-    pub fn set_visible(&self, visibility: bool) {
-        unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.0, setVisible:match visibility {
-                true => YES,
-                false => NO
-            }];
-        }
-    }
-}

src/toolbar/item.rs

@@ -12,22 +12,20 @@ use objc::{class, msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
 use crate::foundation::{id, NSString};
 use crate::button::Button;
 
-/// A wrapper for `NSWindow`. Holds (retains) pointers for the Objective-C runtime 
+/// Wraps `NSToolbarItem`. Enables configuring things like size, view, and so on.
-/// where our `NSWindow` and associated delegate live.
 pub struct ToolbarItem {
     pub identifier: String,
-    pub inner: Id<Object>,
+    pub objc: Id<Object>,
     pub button: Option<Button>
 }
 
 impl ToolbarItem {
-    /// Creates a new `NSWindow` instance, configures it appropriately (e.g, titlebar appearance),
+    /// Creates and returns a new `ToolbarItem`, ensuring the underlying `NSToolbarItem` is
-    /// injects an `NSObject` delegate wrapper, and retains the necessary Objective-C runtime
+    /// properly initialized.
-    /// pointers.
     pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(identifier: S) -> Self {
         let identifier = identifier.into();
 
-        let inner = unsafe {
+        let objc = unsafe {
             let identifr = NSString::new(&identifier);
             let alloc: id = msg_send![class!(NSToolbarItem), alloc];
             let item: id = msg_send![alloc, initWithItemIdentifier:identifr];
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ impl ToolbarItem {
 
         ToolbarItem {
             identifier: identifier,
-            inner: inner,
+            objc: objc,
             button: None
         }
     }
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ impl ToolbarItem {
     pub fn set_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
         unsafe {
             let title = NSString::new(title);
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.inner, setTitle:title];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setTitle:title];
         }
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ impl ToolbarItem {
         button.set_bezel_style(11);
 
         unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.inner, setView:&*button.inner];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setView:&*button.objc];
         }
         
         self.button = Some(button);
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ impl ToolbarItem {
     pub fn set_min_size(&mut self, width: f64, height: f64) {
         unsafe {
             let size = CGSize::new(width.into(), height.into());
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.inner, setMinSize:size];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setMinSize:size];
         }
     }
 
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ impl ToolbarItem {
     pub fn set_max_size(&mut self, width: f64, height: f64) {
         unsafe {
             let size = CGSize::new(width.into(), height.into());
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.inner, setMaxSize:size];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setMaxSize:size];
         }
     }
 }

src/toolbar/mod.rs

@@ -1,48 +1,124 @@
-//! This module contains a wrapper for `NSToolbar`, one of the standard UI elements in a native
+//! Implements an NSToolbar, which is one of those macOS niceties
-//! Cocoa application. To customize it and provide options, you should implement a
+//! that makes it feel... "proper".
-//! `ToolbarController` for your desired struct, and instantiate your `Toolbar` with it. For
-//! example:
 //!
-//! ```
+//! UNFORTUNATELY, this is a very old and janky API. So... yeah.
-//! use cacao::prelude::*;
-//!
-//! #[derive(Default)]
-//! struct WindowToolbar;
-//!
-//! impl ToolbarController for WindowToolbar {
-//!     /* Your trait implementation here */
-//! }
-//!
-//! ```
-//!
-//! And then, wherever your window is:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! #[derive(Default)]
-//! struct AppWindow {
-//!     pub toolbar: Toolbar<WindowToolbar>
-//! }
-//!
-//! impl WindowController for AppWindow {
-//!     fn did_load(&mut self, window: WindowHandle) {
-//!         window.set_toolbar(&self.toolbar);
-//!     }
-//! }
-//! ```
 
-pub(crate) mod class;
+use objc::{msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
+use objc::runtime::Object;
+use objc_id::ShareId;
 
-pub mod handle;
+use crate::foundation::{id, nil, YES, NO, NSString, NSUInteger};
-pub use handle::ToolbarHandle;
 
-pub mod item;
+mod class;
+use class::register_toolbar_class;
+
+mod item;
 pub use item::ToolbarItem;
 
-pub mod traits;
+mod traits;
-pub use traits::ToolbarController;
+pub use traits::ToolbarDelegate;
 
-pub mod toolbar;
+mod enums;
-pub use toolbar::Toolbar;
+pub use enums::{ToolbarDisplayMode, ToolbarSizeMode};
 
-pub mod types;
+pub(crate) static TOOLBAR_PTR: &str = "rstToolbarPtr";
-pub use types::*;
+
+/// A wrapper for `NSToolbar`. Holds (retains) pointers for the Objective-C runtime 
+/// where our `NSToolbar` and associated delegate live.
+pub struct Toolbar<T = ()> {
+    /// An internal identifier used by the toolbar. We cache it here in case users want it.
+    pub identifier: String,
+
+    /// The Objective-C runtime toolbar.
+    pub objc: ShareId<Object>,
+
+    /// The user supplied delegate.
+    pub delegate: Option<Box<T>>
+}
+
+impl<T> Toolbar<T> where T: ToolbarDelegate + 'static {
+    /// Creates a new `NSToolbar` instance, configures it appropriately, sets up the delegate
+    /// chain, and retains it all.
+    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(identifier: S, delegate: T) -> Self {
+        let identifier = identifier.into();
+        let delegate = Box::new(delegate);
+        
+        let objc = unsafe {
+            let cls = register_toolbar_class::<T>();
+            let alloc: id = msg_send![cls, alloc];
+            let identifier = NSString::new(&identifier);
+            let toolbar: id = msg_send![alloc, initWithIdentifier:identifier];
+
+            let ptr: *const T = &*delegate;
+            (&mut *toolbar).set_ivar(TOOLBAR_PTR, ptr as usize);
+            let _: () = msg_send![toolbar, setDelegate:toolbar];
+
+            ShareId::from_ptr(toolbar)
+        };
+
+        &delegate.did_load(Toolbar {
+            objc: objc.clone(),
+            identifier: identifier.clone(),
+            delegate: None
+        });
+
+        Toolbar {
+            identifier: identifier,
+            objc: objc,
+            delegate: Some(delegate),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Toolbar<T> {
+    /// Indicates whether the toolbar shows the separator between the toolbar and the main window
+    /// contents.
+    pub fn set_shows_baseline_separator(&self, shows: bool) {
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setShowsBaselineSeparator:match shows {
+                true => YES,
+                false => NO
+            }];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the toolbar's display mode.
+    pub fn set_display_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarDisplayMode) {
+        let mode: NSUInteger = mode.into();
+
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setDisplayMode:mode];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the toolbar's size mode.
+    pub fn set_size_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarSizeMode) {
+        let mode: NSUInteger = mode.into();
+
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setSizeMode:mode];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set whether the toolbar is visible or not.
+    pub fn set_visible(&self, visibility: bool) {
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setVisible:match visibility {
+                true => YES,
+                false => NO
+            }];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Drop for Toolbar<T> {
+    /// A bit of extra cleanup for the delegate system. If we have a non-`None` delegate, this is
+    /// the OG Toolbar and should be cleaned up for any possible cyclical references.
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.delegate.is_some() {
+            unsafe {
+                let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setDelegate:nil];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/toolbar/toolbar.rs

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-//! Implements an NSToolbar, which is one of those macOS niceties
-//! that makes it feel... "proper".
-//!
-//! UNFORTUNATELY, this is a very old and janky API. So... yeah.
-
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use objc_id::ShareId;
-use objc::{msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
-
-use crate::foundation::{id, NSString};
-use crate::constants::TOOLBAR_PTR;
-use crate::toolbar::class::register_toolbar_class;
-use crate::toolbar::handle::ToolbarHandle;
-use crate::toolbar::traits::ToolbarController;
-use crate::toolbar::types::{ToolbarDisplayMode, ToolbarSizeMode};
-
-/// A wrapper for `NSToolbar`. Holds (retains) pointers for the Objective-C runtime 
-/// where our `NSToolbar` and associated delegate live.
-pub struct Toolbar<T> {
-    /// A pointer that we "forget" until dropping this struct. This allows us to keep the retain
-    /// count of things appropriate until the Toolbar is done.
-    internal_callback_ptr: *const RefCell<T>,
-
-    /// An internal identifier used by the toolbar. We cache it here in case users want it.
-    pub identifier: String,
-
-    /// The Objective-C runtime controller (the toolbar, really - it does double duty).
-    pub objc_controller: ToolbarHandle,
-
-    /// The user supplied controller.
-    pub controller: Rc<RefCell<T>>
-}
-
-impl<T> Toolbar<T> where T: ToolbarController + 'static {
-    /// Creates a new `NSToolbar` instance, configures it appropriately, injects an `NSObject`
-    /// delegate wrapper, and retains the necessary Objective-C runtime pointers.
-    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(identifier: S, controller: T) -> Self {
-        let identifier = identifier.into();
-        let controller = Rc::new(RefCell::new(controller));
-        
-        let internal_callback_ptr = {
-            let cloned = Rc::clone(&controller);
-            Rc::into_raw(cloned)
-        };
-
-        let objc_controller = unsafe {
-            let delegate_class = register_toolbar_class::<T>();
-            let identifier = NSString::new(&identifier);
-            let alloc: id = msg_send![delegate_class, alloc];
-            let toolbar: id = msg_send![alloc, initWithIdentifier:identifier];
-
-            (&mut *toolbar).set_ivar(TOOLBAR_PTR, internal_callback_ptr as usize);
-            let _: () = msg_send![toolbar, setDelegate:toolbar];
-
-            ShareId::from_ptr(toolbar)
-        };
-
-        {
-            let mut c = controller.borrow_mut();
-            (*c).did_load(ToolbarHandle(objc_controller.clone()));
-        }
-
-        Toolbar {
-            internal_callback_ptr: internal_callback_ptr,
-            identifier: identifier,
-            objc_controller: ToolbarHandle(objc_controller),
-            controller: controller
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Indicates whether the toolbar shows the separator between the toolbar and the main window
-    /// contents.
-    pub fn set_shows_baseline_separator(&self, shows: bool) {
-        self.objc_controller.set_shows_baseline_separator(shows);
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the toolbar's display mode.
-    pub fn set_display_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarDisplayMode) {
-        self.objc_controller.set_display_mode(mode);
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the toolbar's size mode.
-    pub fn set_size_mode(&self, mode: ToolbarSizeMode) {
-        self.objc_controller.set_size_mode(mode);
-    }
-
-    /// Set whether the toolbar is visible or not.
-    pub fn set_visible(&self, visibility: bool) {
-        self.objc_controller.set_visible(visibility);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Drop for Toolbar<T> {
-    /// A bit of extra cleanup for delegate callback pointers.
-    /// Note: this currently doesn't check to see if it needs to be removed from a Window it's
-    /// attached to. In theory this is fine... in practice (and in Rust) it might be wonky, so
-    /// worth circling back on at some point.
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            let _ = Rc::from_raw(self.internal_callback_ptr);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/toolbar/traits.rs

@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@
 //! go. Currently a bit incomplete in that we don't support the customizing workflow, but feel free
 //! to pull request it.
 
-use crate::toolbar::handle::ToolbarHandle;
+use crate::toolbar::{Toolbar, ToolbarItem};
-use crate::toolbar::item::ToolbarItem;
 
 /// A trait that you can implement to have your struct/etc act as an `NSToolbarDelegate`.
-pub trait ToolbarController {
+pub trait ToolbarDelegate {
     /// This method can be used to configure your toolbar, if you need to do things involving the
     /// handle. Unlike some other view types, it's not strictly necessary, and is provided in the
     /// interest of a uniform and expectable API.
-    fn did_load(&mut self, _toolbar: ToolbarHandle) {}
+    fn did_load(&self, _toolbar: Toolbar) {}
 
     /// What items are allowed in this toolbar.
     fn allowed_item_identifiers(&self) -> Vec<&'static str>;

src/user_defaults.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//! Wraps `NSUserDefaults`, providing an interface to store and query small amounts of data.
+//!
+//! It mirrors much of the API of the standard Rust `HashMap`, but uses `NSUserDefaults` as a
+//! backing store.
+
+use objc::{class, msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
+use objc::runtime::Object;
+use objc_id::Id;
+
+use crate::foundation::{id, NSString};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct UserDefaults(pub Id<Object>);
+
+impl Default for UserDefaults {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        UserDefaults::standard()
+    }
+}
+
+impl UserDefaults {
+    pub fn standard() -> Self {
+        UserDefaults(unsafe {
+            Id::from_ptr(msg_send![class!(NSUserDefaults), standardUserDefaults])
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        UserDefaults(unsafe {
+            let alloc: id = msg_send![class!(NSUserDefaults), alloc];
+            Id::from_ptr(msg_send![alloc, init])
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn suite(named: &str) -> Self {
+        let name = NSString::new(named);
+
+        UserDefaults(unsafe {
+            let alloc: id = msg_send![class!(NSUserDefaults), alloc];
+            Id::from_ptr(msg_send![alloc, initWithSuiteName:name.into_inner()])
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Remove the default associated with the key. If the key doesn't exist, this is a noop.
+    pub fn remove(&self, key: &str) {
+        let key = NSString::new(key);
+
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.0, removeObjectForKey:key.into_inner()];
+        }
+    }
+}

src/utils.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 //! belong to. These are typically internal, and if you rely on them... well, don't be surprised if
 //! they go away one day.
 
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-
 use core_graphics::base::CGFloat;
 
 use objc::{Encode, Encoding};
@@ -17,16 +14,31 @@ pub trait Controller {
     fn get_backing_node(&self) -> ShareId<Object>;
 }
 
-/// Used for moving a pointer back into an Rc, so we can work with the object held behind it. Note
+
-/// that it's very important to make sure you reverse this when you're done (using
+/// Utility method for taking a pointer and grabbing the corresponding delegate in Rust. This is
-/// `Rc::into_raw()`) otherwise you'll cause problems due to the `Drop` logic.
+/// theoretically safe:
-pub fn load<T>(this: &Object, ptr: &str) -> Rc<RefCell<T>> {
+///
+/// - The object (`this`) is owned by the wrapping component (e.g, a `Window`). It's released when
+/// the `Window` is released.
+/// - The only other place where you can retrieve a `Window` (or such control) is in the respective
+/// delegate `did_load()` method, where you're passed one. This variant never includes the
+/// delegate.
+/// - Thus, provided the root object still exists, this pointer should be valid (root objects Box
+/// them, so they ain't movin').
+/// - The way this _could_ fail would be if the programmer decides to clone their `Window` or such
+/// object deeper into the stack (or elsewhere in general). This is why we don't allow them to be
+/// cloned, though.
+/// 
+/// This is, like much in this framework, subject to revision pending more thorough testing and
+/// checking.
+pub fn load<'a, T>(this: &'a Object, ptr_name: &str) -> &'a T {
     unsafe {
-        let ptr: usize = *this.get_ivar(ptr);
+        let ptr: usize = *this.get_ivar(ptr_name);
-        let view_ptr = ptr as *const RefCell<T>;
+        let obj = ptr as *const T;
-        Rc::from_raw(view_ptr)
+        &*obj
     }
 }
+
 /// Upstream core graphics does not implement Encode for certain things, so we wrap them here -
 /// these are only used in reading certain types passed to us from some delegate methods.
 #[repr(C)]

src/window/class.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! Everything useful for the `WindowDelegate`. Handles injecting an `NSWindowDelegate` subclass
 //! into the Objective C runtime, which loops back to give us lifecycle methods.
 
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Once;
 
 use core_graphics::base::CGFloat;
@@ -19,14 +18,7 @@ use crate::window::{WindowDelegate, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR};
 extern fn should_close<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
 
-    let result = {
+    match window.should_close() {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).should_close()
-    };
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
-
-    match result {
         true => YES,
         false => NO
     }
@@ -36,185 +28,97 @@ extern fn should_close<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) -> BOOL
 /// Good place to clean up memory and what not.
 extern fn will_close<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_close();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_close();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowWillMove:` event.
 extern fn will_move<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_move();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_move();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidMove:` event.
 extern fn did_move<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_move();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_move();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn did_change_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_change_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_change_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn did_change_screen_profile<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_change_screen_profile();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_change_screen_profile();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn will_resize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, size: CGSize) -> CGSize {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    let s = window.will_resize(size.width as f64, size.height as f64);
-    let result = {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        let s = (*window).will_resize(size.width as f64, size.height as f64);
         
     CGSize { 
         width: s.0 as CGFloat,
         height: s.1 as CGFloat
     }
-    };
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
-
-    result
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn did_resize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_resize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_resize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn will_start_live_resize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_start_live_resize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_start_live_resize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn did_end_live_resize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_end_live_resize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_end_live_resize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn will_miniaturize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_miniaturize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_miniaturize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn did_miniaturize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_miniaturize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_miniaturize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreen:` event.
 extern fn did_deminiaturize<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_deminiaturize();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_deminiaturize();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn will_enter_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_enter_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_enter_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn did_enter_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_enter_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_enter_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn content_size_for_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, size: CGSize) -> CGSize {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
 
-    let result = {
+    let (width, height) = window.content_size_for_full_screen(
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        let (width, height) = (*window).content_size_for_full_screen(
         size.width as f64,
         size.height as f64
     );
@@ -223,186 +127,98 @@ extern fn content_size_for_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel,
         width: width as CGFloat,
         height: height as CGFloat
     }
-    };
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
-
-    result
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn options_for_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id, options: NSUInteger) -> NSUInteger {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
 
-    let result = {
+    let desired_opts = window.presentation_options_for_full_screen();
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        let options = (*window).presentation_options_for_full_screen();
         
-        if options.is_none() { 
+    if desired_opts.is_none() { 
-            None
+        options
     } else {
         let mut opts: NSUInteger = 0;
-            for opt in options.unwrap() {
+        for opt in desired_opts.unwrap() {
             opts = opts << NSUInteger::from(opt);
         }
 
-            Some(opts)
+        opts
-        }
-    };
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
-
-    match result {
-        Some(options) => options,
-        None => options
     }
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn will_exit_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.will_exit_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).will_exit_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn did_exit_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_exit_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_exit_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn did_fail_to_enter_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_fail_to_enter_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_fail_to_enter_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeScreenProfile:` event.
 extern fn did_fail_to_exit_full_screen<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_fail_to_exit_full_screen();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_fail_to_exit_full_screen();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeBackingProperties:` event.
 extern fn did_change_backing_properties<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_change_backing_properties();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_change_backing_properties();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidChangeBackingProperties:` event.
 extern fn did_change_occlusion_state<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_change_occlusion_state();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_change_occlusion_state();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidUpdate:` event.
 extern fn did_update<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_update();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_update();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidExpose:` event.
 extern fn did_become_main<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_become_main();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_become_main();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidExpose:` event.
 extern fn did_resign_main<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_resign_main();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_resign_main();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidExpose:` event.
 extern fn did_become_key<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_become_key();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_become_key();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidExpose:` event.
 extern fn did_resign_key<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_resign_key();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_resign_key();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
 /// Called when an `NSWindowDelegate` receives a `windowDidExpose:` event.
 extern fn did_expose<T: WindowDelegate>(this: &Object, _: Sel, _: id) {
     let window = load::<T>(this, WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR);
-
+    window.did_expose();
-    {
-        let window = window.borrow();
-        (*window).did_expose();
-    }
-
-    Rc::into_raw(window);
 }
 
-
 /// Injects an `NSWindow` subclass, with some callback and pointer ivars for what we
 /// need to do.
 pub(crate) fn register_window_class() -> *const Class {

src/window/controller/mod.rs

@@ -52,25 +52,23 @@ impl<T> WindowController<T> where T: WindowDelegate + 'static {
     /// Allocates and configures an `NSWindowController` in the Objective-C/Cocoa runtime that maps over
     /// to your supplied delegate.
     pub fn with(config: WindowConfig, delegate: T) -> Self {
-        let mut window = Window::with(config, delegate);
+        let window = Window::with(config, delegate);
 
         let objc = unsafe {
             let window_controller_class = register_window_controller_class::<T>();
             let controller_alloc: id = msg_send![window_controller_class, alloc];
             let controller: id = msg_send![controller_alloc, initWithWindow:&*window.objc];
 
-            if let Some(ptr) = window.internal_callback_ptr {
+            if let Some(delegate) = &window.delegate {
+                let ptr: *const T = &**delegate;
                 (&mut *controller).set_ivar(WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR, ptr as usize);
             }
 
             ShareId::from_ptr(controller)
         };
 
-        if let Some(window_delegate) = &mut window.delegate {
+        if let Some(delegate) = &window.delegate {
-            let mut window_delegate = window_delegate.borrow_mut();
+            (*delegate).did_load(Window {
-            
-            (*window_delegate).did_load(Window {
-                internal_callback_ptr: None,
                 delegate: None,
                 objc: window.objc.clone()
             });

src/window/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 //! the `objc` field on a `Window` to instrument it with the Objective-C runtime on your own.
 
 use std::unreachable;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 
 use core_graphics::base::CGFloat;
 use core_graphics::geometry::{CGRect, CGSize};
@@ -22,22 +20,23 @@ use objc_id::ShareId;
 use crate::color::Color;
 use crate::foundation::{id, nil, YES, NO, NSString, NSInteger, NSUInteger};
 use crate::layout::traits::Layout;
-use crate::toolbar::{Toolbar, ToolbarController};
+use crate::toolbar::{Toolbar, ToolbarDelegate};
 use crate::utils::Controller;
 
 mod class;
 use class::{register_window_class, register_window_class_with_delegate};
 
-pub mod config;
+mod config;
-use config::WindowConfig;
+pub use config::WindowConfig;
 
-pub mod controller;
+mod controller;
+pub use controller::WindowController;
 
-pub mod enums;
+mod enums;
-use enums::TitleVisibility;
+pub use enums::*;
 
-pub mod traits;
+mod traits;
-use traits::WindowDelegate;
+pub use traits::WindowDelegate;
 
 pub(crate) static WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR: &str = "rstWindowDelegate";
 
@@ -45,14 +44,11 @@ pub(crate) static WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR: &str = "rstWindowDelegate";
 /// pieces to enable you to focus on reacting to lifecycle methods and doing your thing.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Window<T = ()> {
-    /// A pointer to the Objective-C `NS/UIWindow`. Used in callback orchestration.
-    pub(crate) internal_callback_ptr: Option<*const RefCell<T>>,
-
     /// Represents an `NS/UIWindow` in the Objective-C runtime.
     pub objc: ShareId<Object>,
 
     /// A delegate for this window.
-    pub delegate: Option<Rc<RefCell<T>>>
+    pub delegate: Option<Box<T>>
 }
 
 impl Default for Window {
@@ -97,13 +93,68 @@ impl Window {
         };
 
         Window {
-            internal_callback_ptr: None,
             objc: objc,
             delegate: None
         }
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> Window<T> where T: WindowDelegate + 'static {
+    /// Constructs a new Window with a `config` and `delegate`. Using a `WindowDelegate` enables
+    /// you to respond to window lifecycle events - visibility, movement, and so on. It also
+    /// enables easier structure of your codebase, and in a way simulates traditional class based
+    /// architectures... just without the subclassing.
+    pub fn with(config: WindowConfig, delegate: T) -> Self {
+        let delegate = Box::new(delegate);
+        
+        let objc = unsafe {
+            let alloc: id = msg_send![register_window_class_with_delegate::<T>(), alloc];
+            
+            // Other types of backing (Retained/NonRetained) are archaic, dating back to the
+            // NeXTSTEP era, and are outright deprecated... so we don't allow setting them.
+            let buffered: NSUInteger = 2;
+            let dimensions: CGRect = config.initial_dimensions.into();
+            let window: id = msg_send![alloc, initWithContentRect:dimensions 
+                styleMask:config.style 
+                backing:buffered
+                defer:match config.defer {
+                    true => YES,
+                    false => NO
+                }
+            ];
+
+            let delegate_ptr: *const T = &*delegate;
+            (&mut *window).set_ivar(WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR, delegate_ptr as usize);
+
+            let _: () = msg_send![window, autorelease];
+
+            // This is very important! NSWindow is an old class and has some behavior that we need
+            // to disable, like... this. If we don't set this, we'll segfault entirely because the
+            // Objective-C runtime gets out of sync by releasing the window out from underneath of
+            // us.
+            let _: () = msg_send![window, setReleasedWhenClosed:NO];
+
+            // We set the window to be its own delegate - this is cleaned up inside `Drop`.
+            let _: () = msg_send![window, setDelegate:window];
+
+            ShareId::from_ptr(window)
+        };
+
+        {
+            &delegate.did_load(Window {
+                delegate: None,
+                objc: objc.clone()
+            });
+        }
+
+        Window {
+            objc: objc,
+            delegate: Some(delegate)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
 impl<T> Window<T> {
     /// Handles setting the title on the underlying window. Allocates and passes an `NSString` over
     /// to the Objective C runtime.
@@ -167,9 +218,9 @@ impl<T> Window<T> {
     }
 
     /// Used for setting a toolbar on this window. 
-    pub fn set_toolbar<TC: ToolbarController>(&self, toolbar: &Toolbar<TC>) {
+    pub fn set_toolbar<TC: ToolbarDelegate>(&self, toolbar: &Toolbar<TC>) {
         unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setToolbar:&*toolbar.objc_controller.0];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setToolbar:&*toolbar.objc];
         }
     }
     
@@ -396,89 +447,22 @@ impl<T> Window<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> Window<T> where T: WindowDelegate + 'static {
-    /// Constructs a new Window with a `config` and `delegate`. Using a `WindowDelegate` enables
-    /// you to respond to window lifecycle events - visibility, movement, and so on. It also
-    /// enables easier structure of your codebase, and in a way simulates traditional class based
-    /// architectures... just without the subclassing.
-    pub fn with(config: WindowConfig, delegate: T) -> Self {
-        let delegate = Rc::new(RefCell::new(delegate));
-        
-        let internal_callback_ptr = {
-            let cloned = Rc::clone(&delegate);
-            Rc::into_raw(cloned)
-        };
-
-        let objc = unsafe {
-            let alloc: id = msg_send![register_window_class_with_delegate::<T>(), alloc];
-            
-            // Other types of backing (Retained/NonRetained) are archaic, dating back to the
-            // NeXTSTEP era, and are outright deprecated... so we don't allow setting them.
-            let buffered: NSUInteger = 2;
-            let dimensions: CGRect = config.initial_dimensions.into();
-            let window: id = msg_send![alloc, initWithContentRect:dimensions 
-                styleMask:config.style 
-                backing:buffered
-                defer:match config.defer {
-                    true => YES,
-                    false => NO
-                }
-            ];
-
-            (&mut *window).set_ivar(WINDOW_DELEGATE_PTR, internal_callback_ptr as usize);
-
-            let _: () = msg_send![window, autorelease];
-
-            // This is very important! NSWindow is an old class and has some behavior that we need
-            // to disable, like... this. If we don't set this, we'll segfault entirely because the
-            // Objective-C runtime gets out of sync by releasing the window out from underneath of
-            // us.
-            let _: () = msg_send![window, setReleasedWhenClosed:NO];
-
-            // We set the window to be its own delegate - this is cleaned up inside `Drop`.
-            let _: () = msg_send![window, setDelegate:window];
-
-            ShareId::from_ptr(window)
-        };
-
-        {
-            let mut window_delegate = delegate.borrow_mut();
-            (*window_delegate).did_load(Window {
-                internal_callback_ptr: None,
-                delegate: None,
-                objc: objc.clone()
-            });
-        }
-
-        Window {
-            internal_callback_ptr: Some(internal_callback_ptr),
-            objc: objc,
-            delegate: Some(delegate)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> Drop for Window<T> {
     /// When a Window is dropped on the Rust side, we want to ensure that we break the delegate
     /// link on the Objective-C side. While this shouldn't actually be an issue, I'd rather be
     /// safer than sorry.
     ///
-    /// We also clean up our loopback pointer that we use for callbacks.
+    /// Note that only the originating `Window<T>` carries the delegate, and we
-    ///
-    /// Note that only the originating `Window<T>` carries the internal callback ptr, and we
     /// intentionally don't provide this when cloning it as a handler. This ensures that we only
     /// release the backing Window when the original `Window<T>` is dropped.
     ///
     /// Well, theoretically.
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(ptr) = self.internal_callback_ptr {
+        if self.delegate.is_some() {
             unsafe {
                 // Break the delegate - this shouldn't be an issue, but we should strive to be safe
                 // here anyway.
                 let _: () = msg_send![&*self.objc, setDelegate:nil];
-
-                // Bring this back and let it drop naturally.
-                let _ = Rc::from_raw(ptr);
             }
         }
     }

src/window/traits.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! module. There's a few different ones, and it's just... cleaner, if
 //! it's organized here.
 
-use crate::app::enums::PresentationOption;
+use crate::app::PresentationOption;
 use crate::window::Window;
 
 /// Lifecycle events for anything that `impl Window`'s. These map to the standard Cocoa
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub trait WindowDelegate {
     /// to set up your views and what not.
     ///
     /// If you're coming from the web, you can think of this as `DOMContentLoaded`.
-    fn did_load(&mut self, _window: Window) {}
+    fn did_load(&self, _window: Window) {}
 
     /// Called when the user has attempted to close the window. NOT called when a user quits the
     /// application. Return false here if you need to handle the edge case.