Convert to using the recently split off voladdress lib

book/src-bak/03-volatile_destination.md

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ So, again using the `hello_magic` example, we had
 And instead we could declare
 
 ```rust
-const MAGIC_LOCATION: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0000) };
+const MAGIC_LOCATION: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0000) };
 ```
 
 ### Using A VolAddress Value
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Now we can have something like:
 ```rust
 const OTHER_MAGIC: VolAddressBlock<u16> = unsafe {
   VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(
-    VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x600_0000),
+    VolAddress::new(0x600_0000),
     240 * 160
   )
 };

src/io/background.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 use super::*;
 
 /// BG0 Control. Read/Write. Display Mode 0/1 only.
-pub const BG0CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0008) };
+pub const BG0CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0008) };
 /// BG1 Control. Read/Write. Display Mode 0/1 only.
-pub const BG1CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_000A) };
+pub const BG1CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_000A) };
 /// BG2 Control. Read/Write. Display Mode 0/1/2 only.
-pub const BG2CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_000C) };
+pub const BG2CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_000C) };
 /// BG3 Control. Read/Write.  Display Mode 0/2 only.
-pub const BG3CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_000E) };
+pub const BG3CNT: VolAddress<BackgroundControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_000E) };
 
 newtype! {
   /// Allows configuration of a background layer.
@@ -66,24 +66,24 @@ pub enum BGSize {
 }
 
 /// BG0 X-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG0HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0010) };
+pub const BG0HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0010) };
 /// BG0 Y-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG0VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0012) };
+pub const BG0VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0012) };
 
 /// BG1 X-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG1HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0014) };
+pub const BG1HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0014) };
 /// BG1 Y-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG1VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0016) };
+pub const BG1VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0016) };
 
 /// BG2 X-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG2HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0018) };
+pub const BG2HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0018) };
 /// BG2 Y-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG2VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_001A) };
+pub const BG2VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_001A) };
 
 /// BG3 X-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG3HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_001C) };
+pub const BG3HOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_001C) };
 /// BG3 Y-Offset. Write only. Text mode only. 9 bits.
-pub const BG3VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_001E) };
+pub const BG3VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_001E) };
 
 // TODO: affine backgrounds
 // BG2X_L
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ pub const BG3VOFS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00
 // BG3PD
 
 // TODO: windowing
-// pub const WIN0H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0040) };
+// pub const WIN0H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0040) };
-// pub const WIN1H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0042) };
+// pub const WIN1H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0042) };
-// pub const WIN0V: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0044) };
+// pub const WIN0V: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0044) };
-// pub const WIN1V: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0046) };
+// pub const WIN1V: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0046) };
-// pub const WININ: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0048) };
+// pub const WININ: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0048) };
-// pub const WINOUT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_004A) };
+// pub const WINOUT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_004A) };
 
 // TODO: blending
-// pub const BLDCNT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0050) };
+// pub const BLDCNT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0050) };
-// pub const BLDALPHA: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0052) };
+// pub const BLDALPHA: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0052) };
-// pub const BLDY: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0054) };
+// pub const BLDY: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0054) };

src/io/color_blend.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use super::*;
 
 /// Color Special Effects Selection (R/W)
-pub const BLDCNT: VolAddress<ColorEffectSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0050) };
+pub const BLDCNT: VolAddress<ColorEffectSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0050) };
 
 newtype! {
   ColorEffectSetting, u16
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ newtype_enum! {
 }
 
 /// Alpha Blending Coefficients (R/W) (not W)
-pub const BLDALPHA: VolAddress<AlphaBlendingSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0052) };
+pub const BLDALPHA: VolAddress<AlphaBlendingSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0052) };
 
 newtype! {
   AlphaBlendingSetting, u16
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl AlphaBlendingSetting {
 }
 
 /// Brightness (Fade-In/Out) Coefficient (W) (not R/W)
-pub const BLDY: VolAddress<BrightnessSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0054) };
+pub const BLDY: VolAddress<BrightnessSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0054) };
 
 newtype! {
   BrightnessSetting, u32

src/io/display.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use super::*;
 /// LCD Control. Read/Write.
 ///
 /// The "force vblank" bit is always set when your Rust code first executes.
-pub const DISPCNT: VolAddress<DisplayControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0000) };
+pub const DISPCNT: VolAddress<DisplayControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0000) };
 
 newtype!(
   /// Setting for the display control register.
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub fn display_control() -> DisplayControlSetting {
 }
 
 /// Display Status and IRQ Control. Read/Write.
-pub const DISPSTAT: VolAddress<DisplayStatusSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0004) };
+pub const DISPSTAT: VolAddress<DisplayStatusSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0004) };
 
 newtype!(
   /// A newtype over display status and interrupt control values.
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl DisplayStatusSetting {
 /// Gives the current scanline that the display controller is working on. If
 /// this is at or above the `VBLANK_SCANLINE` value then the display controller
 /// is in a "vertical blank" period.
-pub const VCOUNT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0006) };
+pub const VCOUNT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0006) };
 
 /// If the `VCOUNT` register reads equal to or above this then you're in vblank.
 pub const VBLANK_SCANLINE: u16 = 160;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn spin_until_vdraw() {
 }
 
 /// Global mosaic effect control. Write-only.
-pub const MOSAIC: VolAddress<MosaicSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_004C) };
+pub const MOSAIC: VolAddress<MosaicSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_004C) };
 
 newtype! {
   /// Allows control of the Mosaic effect.

src/io/dma.rs

@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ pub enum DMAStartTiming {
 pub struct DMA0;
 impl DMA0 {
   /// DMA 0 Source Address, read only.
-  const DMA0SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00B0) };
+  const DMA0SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00B0) };
   /// DMA 0 Destination Address, read only.
-  const DMA0DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00B4) };
+  const DMA0DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00B4) };
   /// DMA 0 Word Count, read only.
-  const DMA0CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00B8) };
+  const DMA0CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00B8) };
   /// DMA 0 Control, read/write.
-  const DMA0CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00BA) };
+  const DMA0CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00BA) };
 
   /// Assigns the source register.
   ///
@@ -188,13 +188,13 @@ impl DMA0 {
 pub struct DMA1;
 impl DMA1 {
   /// DMA 1 Source Address, read only.
-  const DMA1SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00BC) };
+  const DMA1SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00BC) };
   /// DMA 1 Destination Address, read only.
-  const DMA1DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00C0) };
+  const DMA1DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00C0) };
   /// DMA 1 Word Count, read only.
-  const DMA1CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00C4) };
+  const DMA1CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00C4) };
   /// DMA 1 Control, read/write.
-  const DMA1CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00C6) };
+  const DMA1CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00C6) };
 
   /// Assigns the source register.
   ///
@@ -249,13 +249,13 @@ impl DMA1 {
 pub struct DMA2;
 impl DMA2 {
   /// DMA 2 Source Address, read only.
-  const DMA2SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00C8) };
+  const DMA2SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00C8) };
   /// DMA 2 Destination Address, read only.
-  const DMA2DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00CC) };
+  const DMA2DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00CC) };
   /// DMA 2 Word Count, read only.
-  const DMA2CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00D0) };
+  const DMA2CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00D0) };
   /// DMA 2 Control, read/write.
-  const DMA2CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00D2) };
+  const DMA2CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00D2) };
 
   /// Assigns the source register.
   ///
@@ -311,13 +311,13 @@ impl DMA2 {
 pub struct DMA3;
 impl DMA3 {
   /// DMA 3 Source Address, read only.
-  const DMA3SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00D4) };
+  const DMA3SAD: VolAddress<*const u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00D4) };
   /// DMA 3 Destination Address, read only.
-  const DMA3DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00D8) };
+  const DMA3DAD: VolAddress<*mut u32> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00D8) };
   /// DMA 3 Word Count, read only.
-  const DMA3CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00DC) };
+  const DMA3CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00DC) };
   /// DMA 3 Control, read/write.
-  const DMA3CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00DE) };
+  const DMA3CNT_H: VolAddress<DMAControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00DE) };
 
   /// Assigns the source register.
   ///

src/io/keypad.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use super::*;
 /// follow the "high-active" convention (hint: you probably do, it's far easier
 /// to work with) then call `read_key_input()` rather than reading this register
 /// directly. It will perform the necessary bit flip operation for you.
-pub const KEYINPUT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0130) };
+pub const KEYINPUT: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0130) };
 
 /// A "tribool" value helps us interpret the arrow pad.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn read_key_input() -> KeyInput {
 /// Use this to configure when a keypad interrupt happens.
 ///
 /// See the `KeyInterruptSetting` type for more.
-pub const KEYCNT: VolAddress<KeyInterruptSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0132) };
+pub const KEYCNT: VolAddress<KeyInterruptSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0132) };
 
 newtype! {
   /// Allows configuration of when a keypad interrupt fires.

src/io/sound.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use super::*;
 //TODO within these "read/write" registers only some bits are actually read/write!
 
 /// Sound Channel 1 Sweep Register (`NR10`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND1CNT_L: VolAddress<SweepRegisterSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0060) };
+pub const SOUND1CNT_L: VolAddress<SweepRegisterSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0060) };
 
 newtype! {
   SweepRegisterSetting, u16
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl SweepRegisterSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 1 Duty/Length/Envelope (`NR11`, `NR12`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND1CNT_H: VolAddress<DutyLenEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0062) };
+pub const SOUND1CNT_H: VolAddress<DutyLenEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0062) };
 
 newtype! {
   DutyLenEnvelopeSetting, u16
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl DutyLenEnvelopeSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 1 Frequency/Control (`NR13`, `NR14`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND1CNT_X: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0064) };
+pub const SOUND1CNT_X: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0064) };
 
 newtype! {
   FrequencyControlSetting, u32 // TODO: u16 or u32?
@@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ impl FrequencyControlSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 2 Channel 2 Duty/Length/Envelope (`NR21`, `NR22`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND2CNT_L: VolAddress<DutyLenEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0068) };
+pub const SOUND2CNT_L: VolAddress<DutyLenEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0068) };
 
 /// Sound Channel 2 Frequency/Control (`NR23`, `NR24`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND2CNT_H: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_006C) };
+pub const SOUND2CNT_H: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_006C) };
 
 /// Sound Channel 3 Stop/Wave RAM select (`NR23`, `NR24`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND3CNT_L: VolAddress<StopWaveRAMSelectSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0070) };
+pub const SOUND3CNT_L: VolAddress<StopWaveRAMSelectSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0070) };
 
 newtype! {
   StopWaveRAMSelectSetting, u16
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl StopWaveRAMSelectSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 3 Length/Volume (`NR23`, `NR24`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND3CNT_H: VolAddress<LengthVolumeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0072) };
+pub const SOUND3CNT_H: VolAddress<LengthVolumeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0072) };
 
 newtype! {
   LengthVolumeSetting, u16
@@ -92,27 +92,27 @@ impl LengthVolumeSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 3 Frequency/Control (`NR33`, `NR34`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND3CNT_X: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0074) };
+pub const SOUND3CNT_X: VolAddress<FrequencyControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0074) };
 
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM0_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0090) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM0_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0090) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM0_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0092) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM0_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0092) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM1_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0094) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM1_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0094) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM1_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0096) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM1_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0096) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM2_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0098) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM2_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0098) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM2_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_009A) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM2_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_009A) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM3_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_009C) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM3_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_009C) };
 /// Channel 3 Wave Pattern RAM (W/R)
-pub const WAVE_RAM3_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_009E) };
+pub const WAVE_RAM3_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_009E) };
 
 /// Sound Channel 4 Length/Envelope (`NR41`, `NR42`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND4CNT_L: VolAddress<LengthEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0078) };
+pub const SOUND4CNT_L: VolAddress<LengthEnvelopeSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0078) };
 
 newtype! {
   LengthEnvelopeSetting, u32 // TODO: is this u32?
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl LengthEnvelopeSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound Channel 4 Frequency/Control (`NR43`, `NR44`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUND4CNT_H: VolAddress<NoiseFrequencySetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_007C) };
+pub const SOUND4CNT_H: VolAddress<NoiseFrequencySetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_007C) };
 
 newtype! {
   NoiseFrequencySetting, u32 // TODO: is this u32?
@@ -149,16 +149,16 @@ impl NoiseFrequencySetting {
 // TODO: unify FIFO as
 
 /// Sound A FIFO, Data 0 and Data 1 (W)
-pub const FIFO_A_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00A0) };
+pub const FIFO_A_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00A0) };
 /// Sound A FIFO, Data 2 and Data 3 (W)
-pub const FIFO_A_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00A2) };
+pub const FIFO_A_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00A2) };
 /// Sound B FIFO, Data 0 and Data 1 (W)
-pub const FIFO_B_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00A4) };
+pub const FIFO_B_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00A4) };
 /// Sound B FIFO, Data 2 and Data 3 (W)
-pub const FIFO_B_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_00A6) };
+pub const FIFO_B_H: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_00A6) };
 
 /// Channel L/R Volume/Enable (`NR50`, `NR51`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUNDCNT_L: VolAddress<NonWaveVolumeEnableSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0080) };
+pub const SOUNDCNT_L: VolAddress<NonWaveVolumeEnableSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0080) };
 
 newtype! {
   NonWaveVolumeEnableSetting, u16
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl NonWaveVolumeEnableSetting {
 }
 
 /// DMA Sound Control/Mixing. Read/Write.
-pub const SOUNDCNT_H: VolAddress<WaveVolumeEnableSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0082) };
+pub const SOUNDCNT_H: VolAddress<WaveVolumeEnableSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0082) };
 
 newtype! {
   WaveVolumeEnableSetting, u16
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ newtype_enum! {
 }
 
 /// Sound on/off (`NR52`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUNDCNT_X: VolAddress<SoundMasterSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0084) };
+pub const SOUNDCNT_X: VolAddress<SoundMasterSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0084) };
 
 newtype! {
   SoundMasterSetting, u16
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl SoundMasterSetting {
 }
 
 /// Sound on/off (`NR52`). Read/Write.
-pub const SOUNDBIAS: VolAddress<SoundPWMSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0088) };
+pub const SOUNDBIAS: VolAddress<SoundPWMSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0088) };
 
 newtype! {
   SoundPWMSetting, u16

src/io/timers.rs

@@ -28,28 +28,28 @@ use super::*;
 // TODO: striding blocks?
 
 /// Timer 0 Counter/Reload. Special (see module).
-pub const TM0CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0100) };
+pub const TM0CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0100) };
 
 /// Timer 1 Counter/Reload. Special (see module).
-pub const TM1CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0104) };
+pub const TM1CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0104) };
 
 /// Timer 2 Counter/Reload. Special (see module).
-pub const TM2CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0108) };
+pub const TM2CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0108) };
 
 /// Timer 3 Counter/Reload. Special (see module).
-pub const TM3CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_010C) };
+pub const TM3CNT_L: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_010C) };
 
 /// Timer 0 Control. Read/Write.
-pub const TM0CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0102) };
+pub const TM0CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0102) };
 
 /// Timer 1 Control. Read/Write.
-pub const TM1CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0106) };
+pub const TM1CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0106) };
 
 /// Timer 2 Control. Read/Write.
-pub const TM2CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_010A) };
+pub const TM2CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_010A) };
 
 /// Timer 3 Control. Read/Write.
-pub const TM3CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_010E) };
+pub const TM3CNT_H: VolAddress<TimerControlSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_010E) };
 
 newtype! {
   /// Allows control of a timer unit.

src/io/window.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 use super::*;
 
 /// Window 0 Horizontal Dimensions (W)
-pub const WIN0H: VolAddress<HorizontalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0040) };
+pub const WIN0H: VolAddress<HorizontalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0040) };
 
 /// Window 1 Horizontal Dimensions (W)
-pub const WIN1H: VolAddress<HorizontalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0042) };
+pub const WIN1H: VolAddress<HorizontalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0042) };
 
 newtype! {
   HorizontalWindowSetting, u16
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ impl HorizontalWindowSetting {
 }
 
 /// Window 0 Vertical Dimensions (W)
-pub const WIN0V: VolAddress<VerticalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0044) };
+pub const WIN0V: VolAddress<VerticalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0044) };
 
 /// Window 1 Vertical Dimensions (W)
-pub const WIN1V: VolAddress<VerticalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0046) };
+pub const WIN1V: VolAddress<VerticalWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0046) };
 
 newtype! {
   VerticalWindowSetting, u16
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl VerticalWindowSetting {
 }
 
 /// Control of Inside of Window(s) (R/W)
-pub const WININ: VolAddress<InsideWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_0048) };
+pub const WININ: VolAddress<InsideWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_0048) };
 
 newtype! {
   InsideWindowSetting, u16
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl InsideWindowSetting {
 }
 
 ///  Control of Outside of Windows & Inside of OBJ Window (R/W)
-pub const WINOUT: VolAddress<OutsideWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x400_004A) };
+pub const WINOUT: VolAddress<OutsideWindowSetting> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x400_004A) };
 
 newtype! {
   OutsideWindowSetting, u16

src/lib.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 //! do, it's a giant bag of Undefined Behavior.
 
 pub(crate) use gba_proc_macro::phantom_fields;
+pub(crate) use voladdress::{VolAddress, VolBlock};
 
 /// Assists in defining a newtype wrapper over some base type.
 ///
@@ -105,7 +106,6 @@ macro_rules! newtype_enum {
 }
 
 pub mod base;
-pub(crate) use self::base::*;
 
 pub mod bios;
 

src/mgba.rs

@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ pub struct MGBADebug {
   bytes_written: u8,
 }
 impl MGBADebug {
-  const ENABLE_ADDRESS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x4fff780) };
+  const ENABLE_ADDRESS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x4fff780) };
   const ENABLE_ADDRESS_INPUT: u16 = 0xC0DE;
   const ENABLE_ADDRESS_OUTPUT: u16 = 0x1DEA;
 
-  const OUTPUT_BASE: VolAddress<u8> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x4fff600) };
+  const OUTPUT_BASE: VolAddress<u8> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x4fff600) };
 
-  const SEND_ADDRESS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x4fff700) };
+  const SEND_ADDRESS: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe { VolAddress::new(0x4fff700) };
   const SEND_FLAG: u16 = 0x100;
 
   /// Gives a new MGBADebug, if running within `mGBA`

src/oam.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 use super::*;
 
+use typenum::consts::{U128, U32};
+
 newtype! {
   /// 0th part of an object's attributes.
   ///
@@ -137,7 +139,8 @@ pub struct ObjectAttributes {
 
 /// The object attributes, but there are gaps in the array, so we must not
 /// expose this directly.
-const OBJ_ATTR_APPROX: VolAddressBlock<[u16; 4]> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x700_0000), 128) };
+const OBJ_ATTR_APPROX: VolBlock<[u16; 4], U128> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(0x700_0000) };
+// TODO: VolSeries
 
 pub fn write_obj_attributes(slot: usize, attributes: ObjectAttributes) -> Option<()> {
   OBJ_ATTR_APPROX.get(slot).map(|va| unsafe {
@@ -169,7 +172,8 @@ pub struct AffineParameters {
 
 /// The object attributes, but there are gaps in the array, so we must not
 /// expose this directly.
-const AFFINE_PARAMS_APPROX: VolAddressBlock<[i16; 16]> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x700_0000), 32) };
+const AFFINE_PARAMS_APPROX: VolBlock<[i16; 16], U32> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(0x700_0000) };
+// TODO: VolSeries
 
 pub fn write_affine_parameters(slot: usize, params: AffineParameters) -> Option<()> {
   AFFINE_PARAMS_APPROX.get(slot).map(|va| unsafe {

src/palram.rs

@@ -23,18 +23,17 @@
 //! display will show if no background or object draws over top of a given pixel
 //! during rendering.
 
-use super::{
+use super::*;
-  base::volatile::{VolAddress, VolAddressBlock},
+
-  Color,
+use typenum::consts::U256;
-};
 
 // TODO: PalIndex newtypes?
 
 /// The `PALRAM` for background colors, 256 slot view.
-pub const PALRAM_BG: VolAddressBlock<Color> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x500_0000), 256) };
+pub const PALRAM_BG: VolBlock<Color, U256> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(0x500_0000) };
 
 /// The `PALRAM` for object colors, 256 slot view.
-pub const PALRAM_OBJ: VolAddressBlock<Color> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(0x500_0200), 256) };
+pub const PALRAM_OBJ: VolBlock<Color, U256> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(0x500_0200) };
 
 /// Obtains the address of the specified 8bpp background palette slot.
 pub const fn index_palram_bg_8bpp(slot: u8) -> VolAddress<Color> {

src/vram.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 pub(crate) use super::*;
 
+use typenum::consts::{U256, U32, U512, U6};
+
 pub mod affine;
 pub mod bitmap;
 pub mod text;
@@ -28,11 +30,10 @@ pub mod text;
 pub const VRAM_BASE_USIZE: usize = 0x600_0000;
 
 /// The character base blocks.
-pub const CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS: VolAddressBlock<[u8; 0x4000]> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE), 6) };
+pub const CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS: VolBlock<[u8; 0x4000], U6> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
 /// The screen entry base blocks.
-pub const SCREEN_BASE_BLOCKS: VolAddressBlock<[u8; 0x800]> =
+pub const SCREEN_BASE_BLOCKS: VolBlock<[u8; 0x800], U32> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
-  unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE), 32) };
 
 newtype! {
   /// An 8x8 tile with 4bpp, packed as `u32` values for proper alignment.
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@ newtype! {
 }
 
 /// Gives the specified charblock in 4bpp view.
-pub fn get_4bpp_character_block(slot: usize) -> VolAddressBlock<Tile4bpp> {
+pub fn get_4bpp_character_block(slot: usize) -> VolBlock<Tile4bpp, U512> {
-  unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS.index(slot).cast::<Tile4bpp>(), 512) }
+  unsafe { VolBlock::new(CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS.index(slot).to_usize()) }
 }
 
 /// Gives the specified charblock in 8bpp view.
-pub fn get_8bpp_character_block(slot: usize) -> VolAddressBlock<Tile8bpp> {
+pub fn get_8bpp_character_block(slot: usize) -> VolBlock<Tile8bpp, U256> {
-  unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS.index(slot).cast::<Tile8bpp>(), 256) }
+  unsafe { VolBlock::new(CHAR_BASE_BLOCKS.index(slot).to_usize()) }
 }

src/vram/bitmap.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 use super::*;
 
+use core::ops::{Div, Mul};
+use typenum::consts::{U128, U160, U2, U256, U4};
+
 /// Mode 3 is a bitmap mode with full color and full resolution.
 ///
 /// * **Width:** 240
@@ -27,12 +30,10 @@ impl Mode3 {
   ///
   /// Use `col + row * SCREEN_WIDTH` to get the address of an individual pixel,
   /// or use the helpers provided in this module.
-  pub const VRAM: VolAddressBlock<Color> =
+  pub const VRAM: VolBlock<Color, <U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
-    unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE), Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT) };
 
   /// private iterator over the pixels, two at a time
-  const BULK_ITER: VolAddressIter<u32> =
+  const VRAM_BULK: VolBlock<u32, <<U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output as Div<U2>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
-    unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE), Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT / 2).iter() };
 
   /// Reads the pixel at the given (col,row).
   ///
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ impl Mode3 {
   pub fn clear_to(color: Color) {
     let color32 = color.0 as u32;
     let bulk_color = color32 << 16 | color32;
-    for va in Self::BULK_ITER {
+    for va in Self::VRAM_BULK.iter() {
       va.write(bulk_color)
     }
   }
@@ -101,22 +102,22 @@ impl Mode4 {
   const SCREEN_U32_COUNT: usize = Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT / 4;
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE0_BASE: VolAddress<u8> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
+  const PAGE0_BLOCK8: VolBlock<u8, <U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE0_BLOCK: VolAddressBlock<u8> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE0_BASE, Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT) };
+  const PAGE1_BLOCK8: VolBlock<u8, <U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE1_BASE: VolAddress<u8> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
+  const PAGE0_BLOCK16: VolBlock<u16, <<U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output as Div<U2>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE1_BLOCK: VolAddressBlock<u8> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE1_BASE, Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT) };
+  const PAGE1_BLOCK16: VolBlock<u16, <<U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output as Div<U2>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
 
   /// private iterator over the page0 pixels, four at a time
-  const BULK_ITER0: VolAddressIter<u32> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE0_BASE.cast::<u32>(), Self::SCREEN_U32_COUNT).iter() };
+  const PAGE0_BULK32: VolBlock<u32, <<U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output as Div<U4>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
   /// private iterator over the page1 pixels, four at a time
-  const BULK_ITER1: VolAddressIter<u32> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE1_BASE.cast::<u32>(), Self::SCREEN_U32_COUNT).iter() };
+  const PAGE1_BULK32: VolBlock<u32, <<U256 as Mul<U160>>::Output as Div<U4>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
 
   /// Reads the pixel at the given (col,row).
   ///
@@ -126,9 +127,9 @@ impl Mode4 {
   pub fn read_pixel(page1: bool, col: usize, row: usize) -> Option<u8> {
     // Note(Lokathor): byte _reads_ from VRAM are okay.
     if page1 {
-      Self::PAGE1_BLOCK.get(col + row * Self::SCREEN_WIDTH).map(VolAddress::read)
+      Self::PAGE1_BLOCK8.get(col + row * Self::SCREEN_WIDTH).map(VolAddress::read)
     } else {
-      Self::PAGE0_BLOCK.get(col + row * Self::SCREEN_WIDTH).map(VolAddress::read)
+      Self::PAGE0_BLOCK8.get(col + row * Self::SCREEN_WIDTH).map(VolAddress::read)
     }
   }
 
@@ -145,9 +146,9 @@ impl Mode4 {
       let rounded_down_index = real_index & !1;
       let address: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe {
         if page1 {
-          Self::PAGE1_BASE.offset(rounded_down_index as isize).cast()
+          Self::PAGE1_BLOCK8.index(rounded_down_index).cast()
         } else {
-          Self::PAGE0_BASE.offset(rounded_down_index as isize).cast()
+          Self::PAGE0_BLOCK8.index(rounded_down_index).cast()
         }
       };
       if real_index == rounded_down_index {
@@ -173,12 +174,10 @@ impl Mode4 {
   pub fn write_wide_pixel(page1: bool, wide_col: usize, row: usize, wide_pal8bpp: u16) -> Option<()> {
     if wide_col < Self::SCREEN_WIDTH / 2 && row < Self::SCREEN_HEIGHT {
       let wide_index = wide_col + row * Self::SCREEN_WIDTH / 2;
-      let address: VolAddress<u16> = unsafe {
+      let address: VolAddress<u16> = if page1 {
-        if page1 {
+        Self::PAGE1_BLOCK16.index(wide_index)
-          Self::PAGE1_BASE.cast::<u16>().offset(wide_index as isize)
+      } else {
-        } else {
+        Self::PAGE0_BLOCK16.index(wide_index)
-          Self::PAGE0_BASE.cast::<u16>().offset(wide_index as isize)
-        }
       };
       Some(address.write(wide_pal8bpp))
     } else {
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ impl Mode4 {
   pub fn clear_page_to(page1: bool, pal8bpp: u8) {
     let pal8bpp_32 = pal8bpp as u32;
     let bulk_color = (pal8bpp_32 << 24) | (pal8bpp_32 << 16) | (pal8bpp_32 << 8) | pal8bpp_32;
-    for va in if page1 { Self::BULK_ITER1 } else { Self::BULK_ITER0 } {
+    for va in (if page1 { Self::PAGE1_BULK32 } else { Self::PAGE0_BULK32 }).iter() {
       va.write(bulk_color)
     }
   }
@@ -238,22 +237,16 @@ impl Mode5 {
   const SCREEN_U32_COUNT: usize = Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT / 2;
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE0_BASE: VolAddress<Color> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
+  const PAGE0_BLOCK: VolBlock<Color, <U160 as Mul<U128>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
   // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE0_BLOCK: VolAddressBlock<Color> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE0_BASE, Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT) };
+  const PAGE1_BLOCK: VolBlock<Color, <U160 as Mul<U128>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
-
-  // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE1_BASE: VolAddress<Color> = unsafe { VolAddress::new_unchecked(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
-
-  // TODO: newtype this?
-  const PAGE1_BLOCK: VolAddressBlock<Color> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE1_BASE, Self::SCREEN_PIXEL_COUNT) };
 
   /// private iterator over the page0 pixels, four at a time
-  const BULK_ITER0: VolAddressIter<u32> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE0_BASE.cast::<u32>(), Self::SCREEN_U32_COUNT).iter() };
+  const PAGE0_BULK32: VolBlock<u32, <<U160 as Mul<U128>>::Output as Div<U2>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE) };
 
   /// private iterator over the page1 pixels, four at a time
-  const BULK_ITER1: VolAddressIter<u32> = unsafe { VolAddressBlock::new_unchecked(Self::PAGE1_BASE.cast::<u32>(), Self::SCREEN_U32_COUNT).iter() };
+  const PAGE1_BULK32: VolBlock<u32, <<U160 as Mul<U128>>::Output as Div<U2>>::Output> = unsafe { VolBlock::new(VRAM_BASE_USIZE + 0xA000) };
 
   /// Reads the pixel at the given (col,row).
   ///
@@ -285,7 +278,7 @@ impl Mode5 {
   pub fn clear_page_to(page1: bool, color: Color) {
     let color32 = color.0 as u32;
     let bulk_color = color32 << 16 | color32;
-    for va in if page1 { Self::BULK_ITER1 } else { Self::BULK_ITER0 } {
+    for va in (if page1 { Self::PAGE1_BULK32 } else { Self::PAGE0_BULK32 }).iter() {
       va.write(bulk_color)
     }
   }