Merge branch 'master' into android2

piet-gpu/bin/winit.rs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
         render_scene(&mut ctx);
         let n_paths = ctx.path_count();
         let n_pathseg = ctx.pathseg_count();
-        let n_trans = ctx.pathseg_count();
+        let n_trans = ctx.trans_count();
         let scene = ctx.get_scene_buf();
 
         let renderer = Renderer::new(&session, scene, n_paths, n_pathseg, n_trans)?;

piet-gpu/shader/backdrop.comp

@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ void main() {
     if (element_ix < conf.n_elements) {
         AnnotatedTag tag = Annotated_tag(conf.anno_alloc, ref);
         switch (tag.tag) {
+        case Annotated_Image:
+        case Annotated_BeginClip:
         case Annotated_Color:
             if (fill_mode_from_flags(tag.flags) != MODE_NONZERO) {
                 break;
             }
             // Fall through.
-        case Annotated_Image:
-        case Annotated_BeginClip:
             PathRef path_ref = PathRef(conf.tile_alloc.offset + element_ix * Path_size);
             Path path = Path_read(conf.tile_alloc, path_ref);
             sh_row_width[th_ix] = path.bbox.z - path.bbox.x;

piet-gpu/shader/coarse.comp

@@ -91,6 +91,23 @@ bool alloc_cmd(inout Alloc cmd_alloc, inout CmdRef cmd_ref, inout uint cmd_limit
     return true;
 }
 
+void write_fill(Alloc alloc, inout CmdRef cmd_ref, uint flags, Tile tile, float linewidth) {
+    if (fill_mode_from_flags(flags) == MODE_NONZERO) {
+        if (tile.tile.offset != 0) {
+            CmdFill cmd_fill = CmdFill(tile.tile.offset, tile.backdrop);
+            Cmd_Fill_write(alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_fill);
+            cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdFill_size;
+        } else {
+            Cmd_Solid_write(alloc, cmd_ref);
+            cmd_ref.offset += 4;
+        }
+    } else {
+        CmdStroke cmd_stroke = CmdStroke(tile.tile.offset, 0.5 * linewidth);
+        Cmd_Stroke_write(alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_stroke);
+        cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdStroke_size;
+    }
+}
+
 void main() {
     if (mem_error != NO_ERROR) {
         return;
@@ -135,6 +152,12 @@ void main() {
     uint part_start_ix = 0;
     uint ready_ix = 0;
 
+    // Leave room for the fine rasterizer scratch allocation.
+    Alloc scratch_alloc = slice_mem(cmd_alloc, 0, Alloc_size);
+    cmd_ref.offset += Alloc_size;
+
+    uint num_begin_slots = 0;
+    uint begin_slot = 0;
     while (true) {
         for (uint i = 0; i < N_SLICE; i++) {
             sh_bitmaps[i][th_ix] = 0;
@@ -320,20 +343,7 @@ void main() {
                     if (!alloc_cmd(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_limit)) {
                         break;
                     }
-                    if (fill_mode_from_flags(tag.flags) == MODE_NONZERO) {
+                    write_fill(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, tag.flags, tile, fill.linewidth);
-                        if (tile.tile.offset != 0) {
-                            CmdFill cmd_fill = CmdFill(tile.tile.offset, tile.backdrop);
-                            Cmd_Fill_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_fill);
-                            cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdFill_size;
-                        } else {
-                            Cmd_Solid_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
-                            cmd_ref.offset += 4;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        CmdStroke cmd_stroke = CmdStroke(tile.tile.offset, 0.5 * fill.linewidth);
-                        Cmd_Stroke_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_stroke);
-                        cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdStroke_size;
-                    }
                     Cmd_Color_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, CmdColor(fill.rgba_color));
                     cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdColor_size;
                     break;
@@ -344,20 +354,7 @@ void main() {
                     if (!alloc_cmd(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_limit)) {
                         break;
                     }
-                    if (fill_mode_from_flags(tag.flags) == MODE_NONZERO) {
+                    write_fill(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, tag.flags, tile, fill_img.linewidth);
-                        if (tile.tile.offset != 0) {
-                            CmdFill cmd_fill = CmdFill(tile.tile.offset, tile.backdrop);
-                            Cmd_Fill_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_fill);
-                            cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdFill_size;
-                        } else {
-                            Cmd_Solid_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
-                            cmd_ref.offset += 4;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        CmdStroke cmd_stroke = CmdStroke(tile.tile.offset, 0.5 * fill_img.linewidth);
-                        Cmd_Stroke_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_stroke);
-                        cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdStroke_size;
-                    }
                     Cmd_Image_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, CmdImage(fill_img.index, fill_img.offset));
                     cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdImage_size;
                     break;
@@ -373,27 +370,14 @@ void main() {
                         if (!alloc_cmd(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_limit)) {
                             break;
                         }
-                        if (fill_mode_from_flags(tag.flags) == MODE_NONZERO) {
+                        write_fill(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, tag.flags, tile, begin_clip.linewidth);
-                            if (tile.tile.offset != 0) {
-                                CmdFill cmd_fill = CmdFill(tile.tile.offset, tile.backdrop);
-                                Cmd_Fill_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_fill);
-                                cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdFill_size;
-                            } else {
-                                // TODO: here is where a bunch of optimization magic should happen
-                                float alpha = tile.backdrop == 0 ? 0.0 : 1.0;
-                                Cmd_Alpha_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, CmdAlpha(alpha));
-                                cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdAlpha_size;
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            CmdStroke cmd_stroke = CmdStroke(tile.tile.offset, 0.5 * begin_clip.linewidth);
-                            Cmd_Stroke_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref, cmd_stroke);
-                            cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdStroke_size;
-                        }
                         Cmd_BeginClip_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
                         cmd_ref.offset += 4;
                         if (clip_depth < 32) {
                             clip_one_mask &= ~(1 << clip_depth);
                         }
+                        begin_slot++;
+                        num_begin_slots = max(num_begin_slots, begin_slot);
                     }
                     clip_depth++;
                     break;
@@ -405,6 +389,7 @@ void main() {
                         }
                         Cmd_Solid_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
                         cmd_ref.offset += 4;
+                        begin_slot--;
                         Cmd_EndClip_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
                         cmd_ref.offset += 4;
                     }
@@ -432,5 +417,13 @@ void main() {
     }
     if (bin_tile_x + tile_x < conf.width_in_tiles && bin_tile_y + tile_y < conf.height_in_tiles) {
         Cmd_End_write(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref);
+        if (num_begin_slots > 0) {
+            // Write scratch allocation: one state per BeginClip per rasterizer chunk.
+            uint scratch_size = num_begin_slots * TILE_WIDTH_PX * TILE_HEIGHT_PX * CLIP_STATE_SIZE * 4;
+            MallocResult scratch = malloc(scratch_size);
+            // Ignore scratch.failed; we don't use the allocation and kernel4
+            // checks for memory overflow before using it.
+            alloc_write(scratch_alloc, scratch_alloc.offset, scratch.alloc);
+        }
     }
 }

piet-gpu/shader/elements.comp

@@ -386,10 +386,10 @@ void main() {
         case Element_BeginClip:
             Clip begin_clip = Element_BeginClip_read(this_ref);
             AnnoBeginClip anno_begin_clip;
+            // This is the absolute bbox, it's been transformed during encoding.
+            anno_begin_clip.bbox = begin_clip.bbox;
             if (is_stroke) {
                 vec2 lw = get_linewidth(st);
-                // This is the absolute bbox, it's been transformed during encoding.
-                anno_begin_clip.bbox = begin_clip.bbox + vec4(-lw, lw);
                 anno_begin_clip.linewidth = st.linewidth * sqrt(abs(st.mat.x * st.mat.w - st.mat.y * st.mat.z));
             } else {
                 anno_begin_clip.bbox = begin_clip.bbox;

piet-gpu/shader/kernel4.comp

@@ -37,30 +37,6 @@ layout(rgba8, set = 0, binding = 3) uniform readonly image2D images[1];
 #include "ptcl.h"
 #include "tile.h"
 
-#define BLEND_STACK_SIZE 4
-
-// Layout of a clip scratch frame:
-// Each frame is WIDTH * HEIGHT 32-bit words, then a link reference.
-
-// Link offset and frame size in 32-bit words.
-#define CLIP_LINK_OFFSET (TILE_WIDTH_PX * TILE_HEIGHT_PX)
-#define CLIP_BUF_SIZE (CLIP_LINK_OFFSET + 1)
-
-shared MallocResult sh_clip_alloc;
-
-// Allocate a scratch buffer for clipping.
-MallocResult alloc_clip_buf(uint link) {
-    if (gl_LocalInvocationID.x == 0 && gl_LocalInvocationID.y == 0) {
-        MallocResult m = malloc(CLIP_BUF_SIZE * 4);
-        if (!m.failed) {
-            write_mem(m.alloc, (m.alloc.offset >> 2) + CLIP_LINK_OFFSET, link);
-        }
-        sh_clip_alloc = m;
-    }
-    barrier();
-    return sh_clip_alloc;
-}
-
 vec3 tosRGB(vec3 rgb) {
     bvec3 cutoff = greaterThanEqual(rgb, vec3(0.0031308));
     vec3 below = vec3(12.92)*rgb;
@@ -117,27 +93,31 @@ void main() {
     Alloc cmd_alloc = slice_mem(conf.ptcl_alloc, tile_ix * PTCL_INITIAL_ALLOC, PTCL_INITIAL_ALLOC);
     CmdRef cmd_ref = CmdRef(cmd_alloc.offset);
 
+    // Read scrach space allocation, written first in the command list.
+    Alloc scratch_alloc = alloc_read(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref.offset);
+    cmd_ref.offset += Alloc_size;
+
     uvec2 xy_uint = uvec2(gl_LocalInvocationID.x + TILE_WIDTH_PX * gl_WorkGroupID.x, gl_LocalInvocationID.y + TILE_HEIGHT_PX * gl_WorkGroupID.y);
     vec2 xy = vec2(xy_uint);
-    vec3 rgb[CHUNK];
+    vec4 rgba[CHUNK];
-    uint blend_stack[BLEND_STACK_SIZE][CHUNK];
-    uint blend_spill = 0;
-    uint blend_sp = 0;
-    Alloc clip_tos = new_alloc(0, 0);
     for (uint i = 0; i < CHUNK; i++) {
-        rgb[i] = vec3(0.5);
+        rgba[i] = vec4(0.0);
+        // TODO: remove this debug image support when the actual image method is plumbed.
+#ifdef DEBUG_IMAGES
 #ifdef ENABLE_IMAGE_INDICES
         if (xy_uint.x < 1024 && xy_uint.y < 1024) {
-            rgb[i] = imageLoad(images[gl_WorkGroupID.x / 64], ivec2(xy_uint + chunk_offset(i))/4).rgb;
+            rgba[i] = imageLoad(images[gl_WorkGroupID.x / 64], ivec2(xy_uint + chunk_offset(i))/4);
         }
 #else
         if (xy_uint.x < 1024 && xy_uint.y < 1024) {
             rgb[i] = imageLoad(images[0], ivec2(xy_uint + chunk_offset(i))/4).rgb;
         }
+#endif
 #endif
     }
 
     float area[CHUNK];
+    uint clip_depth = 0;
     while (true) {
         uint tag = Cmd_tag(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref).tag;
         if (tag == Cmd_End) {
@@ -216,7 +196,7 @@ void main() {
             vec4 fg = unpacksRGB(color.rgba_color);
             for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
                 vec4 fg_k = fg * area[k];
-                rgb[k] = rgb[k] * (1.0 - fg_k.a) + fg_k.rgb;
+                rgba[k] = rgba[k] * (1.0 - fg_k.a) + fg_k;
             }
             cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdColor_size;
             break;
@@ -225,58 +205,46 @@ void main() {
             vec4 img[CHUNK] = fillImage(xy_uint, fill_img);
             for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
                 vec4 fg_k = img[k] * area[k];
-                rgb[k] = rgb[k] * (1.0 - fg_k.a) + fg_k.rgb;
+                rgba[k] = rgba[k] * (1.0 - fg_k.a) + fg_k;
             }
             cmd_ref.offset += 4 + CmdImage_size;
             break;
         case Cmd_BeginClip:
-            uint blend_slot = blend_sp % BLEND_STACK_SIZE;
+            uint base_ix = (scratch_alloc.offset >> 2) + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (clip_depth * TILE_WIDTH_PX * TILE_HEIGHT_PX +
-            if (blend_sp == blend_spill + BLEND_STACK_SIZE) {
+                gl_LocalInvocationID.x + TILE_WIDTH_PX * gl_LocalInvocationID.y);
-                // spill to scratch buffer
-                MallocResult m = alloc_clip_buf(clip_tos.offset);
-                if (m.failed) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                clip_tos = m.alloc;
-                uint base_ix = (clip_tos.offset >> 2) + gl_LocalInvocationID.x + TILE_WIDTH_PX * gl_LocalInvocationID.y;
             for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
                 uvec2 offset = chunk_offset(k);
-                    write_mem(clip_tos, base_ix + offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX, blend_stack[blend_slot][k]);
+                uint srgb = packsRGB(vec4(rgba[k]));
+                float alpha = clamp(abs(area[k]), 0.0, 1.0);
+                write_mem(scratch_alloc, base_ix + 0 + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX), srgb);
+                write_mem(scratch_alloc, base_ix + 1 + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX), floatBitsToUint(alpha));
+                rgba[k] = vec4(0.0);
             }
-                blend_spill++;
+            clip_depth++;
-            }
-            for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
-                blend_stack[blend_slot][k] = packsRGB(vec4(rgb[k], clamp(abs(area[k]), 0.0, 1.0)));
-            }
-            blend_sp++;
             cmd_ref.offset += 4;
             break;
         case Cmd_EndClip:
-            blend_slot = (blend_sp - 1) % BLEND_STACK_SIZE;
+            clip_depth--;
-            if (blend_sp == blend_spill) {
+            base_ix = (scratch_alloc.offset >> 2) + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (clip_depth * TILE_WIDTH_PX * TILE_HEIGHT_PX +
-                uint base_ix = (clip_tos.offset >> 2) + gl_LocalInvocationID.x + TILE_WIDTH_PX * gl_LocalInvocationID.y;
+                gl_LocalInvocationID.x + TILE_WIDTH_PX * gl_LocalInvocationID.y);
             for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
                 uvec2 offset = chunk_offset(k);
-                    blend_stack[blend_slot][k] = read_mem(clip_tos, base_ix + offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX);
+                uint srgb = read_mem(scratch_alloc, base_ix + 0 + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX));
-                }
+                uint alpha = read_mem(scratch_alloc, base_ix + 1 + CLIP_STATE_SIZE * (offset.x + offset.y * TILE_WIDTH_PX));
-                clip_tos.offset = read_mem(clip_tos, (clip_tos.offset >> 2) + CLIP_LINK_OFFSET);
+                vec4 bg = unpacksRGB(srgb);
-                blend_spill--;
+                vec4 fg = rgba[k] * area[k] * uintBitsToFloat(alpha);
-            }
+                rgba[k] = bg * (1.0 - fg.a) + fg;
-            blend_sp--;
-            for (uint k = 0; k < CHUNK; k++) {
-                vec4 rgba = unpacksRGB(blend_stack[blend_slot][k]);
-                rgb[k] = mix(rgba.rgb, rgb[k], area[k] * rgba.a);
             }
             cmd_ref.offset += 4;
             break;
         case Cmd_Jump:
             cmd_ref = CmdRef(Cmd_Jump_read(cmd_alloc, cmd_ref).new_ref);
             cmd_alloc.offset = cmd_ref.offset;
-            continue;
+            break;
         }
     }
 
     for (uint i = 0; i < CHUNK; i++) {
-        imageStore(image, ivec2(xy_uint + chunk_offset(i)), vec4(tosRGB(rgb[i]), 1.0));
+        imageStore(image, ivec2(xy_uint + chunk_offset(i)), vec4(tosRGB(rgba[i].rgb), rgba[i].a));
     }
 }

piet-gpu/shader/mem.h

@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ layout(set = 0, binding = 0) buffer Memory {
 #define ERR_OUT_OF_BOUNDS 2
 #define ERR_UNALIGNED_ACCESS 3
 
+#ifdef MEM_DEBUG
+#define Alloc_size 16
+#else
 #define Alloc_size 8
+#endif
 
 // Alloc represents a memory allocation.
 struct Alloc {
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ struct MallocResult {
     bool failed;
 };
 
-// new_alloc synthesizes an Alloc when its offset and size are derived.
+// new_alloc synthesizes an Alloc from an offset and size.
 Alloc new_alloc(uint offset, uint size) {
     Alloc a;
     a.offset = offset;
@@ -118,3 +122,21 @@ Alloc slice_mem(Alloc a, uint offset, uint size) {
 #endif
     return new_alloc(a.offset + offset, size);
 }
+
+// alloc_write writes alloc to memory at offset bytes.
+void alloc_write(Alloc a, uint offset, Alloc alloc) {
+    write_mem(a, offset >> 2, alloc.offset);
+#ifdef MEM_DEBUG
+    write_mem(a, (offset >> 2) + 1, alloc.size);
+#endif
+}
+
+// alloc_read reads an Alloc from memory at offset bytes.
+Alloc alloc_read(Alloc a, uint offset) {
+    Alloc alloc;
+    alloc.offset = read_mem(a, offset >> 2);
+#ifdef MEM_DEBUG
+    alloc.size = read_mem(a, (offset >> 2) + 1);
+#endif
+    return alloc;
+}

piet-gpu/shader/setup.h

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ struct Config {
 #define MODE_NONZERO 0
 #define MODE_STROKE 1
 
+// Size of kernel4 clip state, in words.
+#define CLIP_STATE_SIZE 2
+
 // fill_mode_from_flags extracts the fill mode from tag flags.
 uint fill_mode_from_flags(uint flags) {
     return flags & 0x1;

piet-gpu/src/lib.rs

@@ -127,25 +127,12 @@ fn render_clip_test(rc: &mut impl RenderContext) {
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 fn render_alpha_test(rc: &mut impl RenderContext) {
-    // Alpha compositing tests. kernel4 expects colors encoded in alpha-premultiplied sRGB:
+    // Alpha compositing tests.
-    //
+    rc.fill(diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 100.0)), &Color::Rgba32(0xff0000ff));
-    // [α,sRGB(α⋅R),sRGB(α⋅G),sRGB(α⋅B)]
+    rc.fill(diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 125.0)), &Color::Rgba32(0x00ff0080));
-    //
-    // See also http://ssp.impulsetrain.com/gamma-premult.html.
-    rc.fill(
-        diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 100.0)),
-        &Color::Rgba32(0xff0000ff),
-    );
-    rc.fill(
-        diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 125.0)),
-        &Color::Rgba32(0x00ba0080),
-    );
     rc.save();
     rc.clip(diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 150.0)));
-    rc.fill(
+    rc.fill(diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 175.0)), &Color::Rgba32(0x0000ff80));
-        diamond(Point::new(1024.0, 175.0)),
-        &Color::Rgba32(0x0000ba80),
-    );
     rc.restore();
 }
 

piet-gpu/src/render_ctx.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, ops::RangeBounds};
 
-use piet_gpu_types::encoder::{Encode, Encoder};
-
-use piet_gpu_types::scene::{
-    Clip, CubicSeg, Element, FillColor, LineSeg, QuadSeg, SetFillMode, SetLineWidth, Transform,
-};
-
 use piet::{
-    kurbo::{Affine, Insets, PathEl, Point, Rect, Shape, Size},
+    HitTestPosition,
-    HitTestPosition, TextAttribute, TextStorage,
+    kurbo::{Affine, Insets, PathEl, Point, Rect, Shape, Size}, TextAttribute, TextStorage,
 };
-
 use piet::{
     Color, Error, FixedGradient, FontFamily, HitTestPoint, ImageFormat, InterpolationMode,
     IntoBrush, LineMetric, RenderContext, StrokeStyle, Text, TextLayout, TextLayoutBuilder,
 };
 
+use piet_gpu_types::encoder::{Encode, Encoder};
+use piet_gpu_types::scene::{
+    Clip, CubicSeg, Element, FillColor, LineSeg, QuadSeg, SetFillMode, SetLineWidth, Transform,
+};
+
 pub struct PietGpuImage;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -139,7 +137,14 @@ impl RenderContext for PietGpuRenderContext {
     }
 
     fn solid_brush(&mut self, color: Color) -> Self::Brush {
-        PietGpuBrush::Solid(color.as_rgba_u32())
+        // kernel4 expects colors encoded in alpha-premultiplied sRGB:
+        //
+        // [α,sRGB(α⋅R),sRGB(α⋅G),sRGB(α⋅B)]
+        //
+        // See also http://ssp.impulsetrain.com/gamma-premult.html.
+        let (r, g, b, a) = color.as_rgba();
+        let premul = Color::rgba(to_srgb(from_srgb(r) * a), to_srgb(from_srgb(g) * a), to_srgb(from_srgb(b) * a), a);
+        PietGpuBrush::Solid(premul.as_rgba_u32())
     }
 
     fn gradient(&mut self, _gradient: impl Into<FixedGradient>) -> Result<Self::Brush, Error> {
@@ -177,8 +182,7 @@ impl RenderContext for PietGpuRenderContext {
         _brush: &impl IntoBrush<Self>,
         _width: f64,
         _style: &StrokeStyle,
-    ) {
+    ) {}
-    }
 
     fn fill(&mut self, shape: impl Shape, brush: &impl IntoBrush<Self>) {
         let brush = brush.make_brush(self, || shape.bounding_box()).into_owned();
@@ -280,8 +284,7 @@ impl RenderContext for PietGpuRenderContext {
         _image: &Self::Image,
         _rect: impl Into<Rect>,
         _interp: InterpolationMode,
-    ) {
+    ) {}
-    }
 
     fn draw_image_area(
         &mut self,
@@ -289,8 +292,7 @@ impl RenderContext for PietGpuRenderContext {
         _src_rect: impl Into<Rect>,
         _dst_rect: impl Into<Rect>,
         _interp: InterpolationMode,
-    ) {
+    ) {}
-    }
 
     fn blurred_rect(&mut self, _rect: Rect, _blur_radius: f64, _brush: &impl IntoBrush<Self>) {}
 
@@ -587,3 +589,21 @@ fn to_scene_transform(transform: Affine) -> Transform {
         translate: [c[4] as f32, c[5] as f32],
     }
 }
+
+fn to_srgb(f: f64) -> f64 {
+    if f <= 0.0031308 {
+        f * 12.92
+    } else {
+        let a = 0.055;
+        (1. + a) * f64::powf(f, f64::recip(2.4)) - a
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_srgb(f: f64) -> f64 {
+    if f <= 0.04045 {
+        f / 12.92
+    } else {
+        let a = 0.055;
+        f64::powf((f + a) * f64::recip(1. + a), 2.4)
+    }
+}