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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<a class="header" href="#bios" id="bios"><h1>BIOS</h1></a>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x0</code> to <code>0x3FFF</code> (16k)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS">BIOS</a> of the GBA is a small read-only
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portion of memory at the very base of the address space. However, it is also
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hardware protected against reading, so if you try to read from BIOS memory when
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the program counter isn't pointed into the BIOS (eg: any time code <em>you</em> write
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is executing) then you get <a href="https://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#gbaunpredictablethings">basically garbage
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data</a> back.</p>
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<p>So we're not going to spend time here talking about what bits to read or write
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within BIOS memory like we do with the other sections. Instead we're going to
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spend time talking about <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/unstable-book/language-features/asm.html">inline
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assembly</a>
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(<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29722">tracking issue</a>) and then use
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it to call the <a href="https://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#biosfunctions">GBA BIOS
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Functions</a>.</p>
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<p>Note that BIOS calls have <em>more overhead than normal function calls</em>, so don't
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go using them all over the place if you don't have to. They're also usually
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written more to be compact in terms of code than for raw speed, so you actually
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can out speed them in some cases. Between the increased overhead and not being
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as speed optimized, you can sometimes do a faster job without calling the BIOS
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at all. (TODO: investigate more about what parts of the BIOS we could
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potentially offer faster alternatives for.)</p>
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<p>I'd like to take a moment to thank <a href="https://github.com/mbr">Marc Brinkmann</a>
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(with contributions from <a href="https://github.com/oli-obk">Oliver Schneider</a> and
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<a href="https://github.com/phil-opp">Philipp Oppermann</a>) for writing <a href="http://embed.rs/articles/2016/arm-inline-assembly-rust/">this blog
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post</a>. It's at least
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ten times the tutorial quality as the <code>asm</code> entry in the Unstable Book has. In
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fairness to the Unstable Book, the actual spec of how inline ASM works in rust
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is "basically what clang does", and that's specified as "basically what GCC
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does", and that's basically/shockingly not specified much at all despite GCC
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being like 30 years old.</p>
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<p>So let's be slow and pedantic about this process.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#inline-asm" id="inline-asm"><h2>Inline ASM</h2></a>
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<p><strong>Fair Warning:</strong> Inline asm is one of the least stable parts of Rust overall,
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and if you write bad things you can trigger internal compiler errors and panics
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and crashes and make LLVM choke and die without explanation. If you write some
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inline asm and then suddenly your program suddenly stops compiling without
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explanation, try commenting out that whole inline asm use and see if it's
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causing the problem. Double check that you've written every single part of the
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asm call absolutely correctly, etc, etc.</p>
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<p><strong>Bonus Warning:</strong> The general information that follows regarding the asm macro
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is consistent from system to system, but specific information about register
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names, register quantities, asm instruction argument ordering, and so on is
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specific to ARM on the GBA. If you're programming for any other device you'll
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need to carefully investigate that before you begin.</p>
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<p>Now then, with those out of the way, the inline asm docs describe an asm call as
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looking like this:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
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# #![allow(unused_variables)]
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#fn main() {
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asm!(assembly template
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: output operands
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: input operands
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: clobbers
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: options
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);
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#}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>And once you stick a lot of stuff in there it can <em>absolutely</em> be hard to
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remember the ordering of the elements. So we'll start with a code block that
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has some comments thrown in on each line:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
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# #![allow(unused_variables)]
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#fn main() {
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asm!(/* ASM */ TODO
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:/* OUT */ TODO
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:/* INP */ TODO
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:/* CLO */ TODO
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:/* OPT */
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);
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#}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Now we have to decide what we're gonna write. Obviously we're going to do some
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instructions, but those instructions use registers, and how are we gonna talk
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about them? We've got two choices.</p>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>We can pick each and every register used by specifying exact register names.
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In THUMB mode we have 8 registers available, named <code>r0</code> through <code>r7</code>. If you
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switch into 32-bit mode there's additional registers that are also available.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>We can specify slots for registers we need and let LLVM decide. In this style
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you name your slots <code>$0</code>, <code>$1</code> and so on. Slot numbers are assigned first to
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all specified outputs, then to all specified inputs, in the order that you
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list them.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<p>In the case of the GBA BIOS, each BIOS function has pre-designated input and
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output registers, so we will use the first style. If you use inline ASM in other
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parts of your code you're free to use the second style.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#assembly" id="assembly"><h3>Assembly</h3></a>
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<p>This is just one big string literal. You write out one instruction per line, and
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excess whitespace is ignored. You can also do comments within your assembly
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using <code>;</code> to start a comment that goes until the end of the line.</p>
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<p>Assembly convention doesn't consider it unreasonable to comment potentially as
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much as <em>every single line</em> of asm that you write when you're getting used to
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things. Or even if you are used to things. This is cryptic stuff, there's a
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reason we avoid writing in it as much as possible.</p>
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<p>Remember that our Rust code is in 16-bit mode. You <em>can</em> switch to 32-bit mode
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within your asm as long as you switch back by the time the block ends. Otherwise
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you'll have a bad time.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#outputs" id="outputs"><h3>Outputs</h3></a>
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<p>A comma separated list. Each entry looks like</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>"constraint" (binding)</code></li>
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</ul>
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<p>An output constraint starts with a symbol:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>=</code> for write only</li>
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<li><code>+</code> for reads and writes</li>
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<li><code>&</code> for for "early clobber", meaning that you'll write to this at some point
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before all input values have been read. It prevents this register from being
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assigned to an input register.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Followed by <em>either</em> the letter <code>r</code> (if you want LLVM to pick the register to
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use) or curly braces around a specific register (if you want to pick).</p>
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<ul>
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<li>The binding can be any single 32-bit or smaller value.</li>
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<li>If your binding has bit pattern requirements ("must be non-zero", etc) you are
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responsible for upholding that.</li>
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<li>If your binding type will try to <code>Drop</code> later then you are responsible for it
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being in a fit state to do that.</li>
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<li>The binding must be either a mutable binding or a binding that was
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pre-declared but not yet assigned.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Anything else is UB.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#inputs" id="inputs"><h3>Inputs</h3></a>
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<p>This is a similar comma separated list.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>"constraint" (binding)</code></li>
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</ul>
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<p>An input constraint doesn't have the symbol prefix, you just pick either <code>r</code> or
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a named register with curly braces around it.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>An input binding must be a single 32-bit or smaller value.</li>
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<li>An input binding <em>should</em> be a type that is <code>Copy</code> but this is not an absolute
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requirement. Having the input be read is semantically similar to using
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<code>core::ptr::read(&binding)</code> and forgetting the value when you're done.</li>
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</ul>
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<a class="header" href="#clobbers" id="clobbers"><h3>Clobbers</h3></a>
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<p>Sometimes your asm will touch registers other than the ones declared for input
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and output.</p>
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<p>Clobbers are declared as a comma separated list of string literals naming
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specific registers. You don't use curly braces with clobbers.</p>
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<p>LLVM <em>needs</em> to know this information. It can move things around to keep your
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data safe, but only if you tell it what's about to happen.</p>
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<p>Failure to define all of your clobbers can cause UB.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#options" id="options"><h3>Options</h3></a>
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<p>There's only one option we'd care to specify. That option is "volatile".</p>
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<p>Just like with a function call, LLVM will skip a block of asm if it doesn't see
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that any outputs from the asm were used later on. Nearly every single BIOS call
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(other than the math operations) will need to be marked as "volatile".</p>
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<a class="header" href="#bios-asm" id="bios-asm"><h3>BIOS ASM</h3></a>
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<ul>
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<li>Inputs are always <code>r0</code>, <code>r1</code>, <code>r2</code>, and/or <code>r3</code>, depending on function.</li>
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<li>Outputs are always zero or more of <code>r0</code>, <code>r1</code>, and <code>r3</code>.</li>
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<li>Any of the output registers that aren't actually used should be marked as
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clobbered.</li>
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<li>All other registers are unaffected.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>All of the GBA BIOS calls are performed using the
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<a href="http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0068b/BABFCEEG.html">swi</a>
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instruction, combined with a value depending on what BIOS function you're trying
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to invoke. If you're in 16-bit code you use the value directly, and if you're in
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32-bit mode you shift the value up by 16 bits first.</p>
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<a class="header" href="#example-bios-function-division" id="example-bios-function-division"><h3>Example BIOS Function: Division</h3></a>
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<p>For our example we'll use the division function, because GBATEK gives very clear
|
|
instructions on how each register is used with that one:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-txt">Signed Division, r0/r1.
|
|
r0 signed 32bit Number
|
|
r1 signed 32bit Denom
|
|
Return:
|
|
r0 Number DIV Denom ;signed
|
|
r1 Number MOD Denom ;signed
|
|
r3 ABS (Number DIV Denom) ;unsigned
|
|
For example, incoming -1234, 10 should return -123, -4, +123.
|
|
The function usually gets caught in an endless loop upon division by zero.
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>The math folks tell me that the <code>r1</code> value should be properly called the
|
|
"remainder" not the "modulus". We'll go with that for our function, doesn't hurt
|
|
to use the correct names. Our Rust function has an assert against dividing by
|
|
<code>0</code>, then we name some bindings <em>without</em> giving them a value, we make the asm
|
|
call, and then return what we got.</p>
|
|
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
|
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
|
#fn main() {
|
|
pub fn div_rem(numerator: i32, denominator: i32) -> (i32, i32) {
|
|
assert!(denominator != 0);
|
|
let div_out: i32;
|
|
let rem_out: i32;
|
|
unsafe {
|
|
asm!(/* ASM */ "swi 0x06"
|
|
:/* OUT */ "={r0}"(div_out), "={r1}"(rem_out)
|
|
:/* INP */ "{r0}"(numerator), "{r1}"(denominator)
|
|
:/* CLO */ "r3"
|
|
:/* OPT */
|
|
);
|
|
}
|
|
(div_out, rem_out)
|
|
}
|
|
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
<p>I <em>hope</em> this all makes sense by now.</p>
|
|
<a class="header" href="#specific-bios-functions" id="specific-bios-functions"><h2>Specific BIOS Functions</h2></a>
|
|
<p>For a full list of all the specific BIOS functions and their use you should
|
|
check the <code>gba::bios</code> module within the <code>gba</code> crate. There's just so many of
|
|
them that enumerating them all here wouldn't serve much purpose.</p>
|
|
<p>Which is not to say that we'll never cover any BIOS functions in this book!
|
|
Instead, we'll simply mention them when whenever they're relevent to the task at
|
|
hand (such as controlling sound or waiting for vblank).</p>
|
|
<p>//TODO: list/name all BIOS functions as well as what they relate to elsewhere.</p>
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