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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -156,9 +156,17 @@ cables and all that.</p>
|
|||
lets you run raw ELF files, which means that you can have full debug symbols
|
||||
available while you're debugging problems.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#information-resources" id="information-resources"><h2>Information Resources</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>Ketsuban and I didn't magically learn this all from nowhere, we read various
|
||||
technical manuals and guides ourselves and then distilled the knowledge (usually
|
||||
oriented towards C and C++) into this book for Rust.</p>
|
||||
<p>First, if I fail to describe something related to Rust, you can always try
|
||||
checking in <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/introduction.html">The Rust
|
||||
Reference</a> to see
|
||||
if they cover it. You can mostly ignore that big scary red banner at the top,
|
||||
things are a lot better documented than they make it sound.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you need help trying to fiddle your math down as hard as you can, there are
|
||||
resources such as the <a href="https://graphics.stanford.edu/%7Eseander/bithacks.html">Bit Twiddling
|
||||
Hacks</a> page.</p>
|
||||
<p>As to GBA related lore, Ketsuban and I didn't magically learn this all from
|
||||
nowhere, we read various technical manuals and guides ourselves and then
|
||||
distilled those works oriented around C and C++ into a book for Rust.</p>
|
||||
<p>We have personally used some or all of the following:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="http://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm">GBATEK</a>: This is <em>the</em> resource. It
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
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||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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</nav>
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<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
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@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
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</script>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -216,8 +216,6 @@ Either a Rust Global Allocator (if practical), which would allow for a lot of
|
|||
the standard library types to be used "for free" once it was set up, or just a
|
||||
custom allocator that's GBA specific if Rust's global allocator style isn't a
|
||||
good fit for the GBA (I honestly haven't looked into it).</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#llvm-intrinsics" id="llvm-intrinsics"><h2>LLVM Intrinsics</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: explain that we'll occasionally have to provide some intrinsics.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#bare-metal-panic" id="bare-metal-panic"><h2>Bare Metal Panic</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: expand this</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
|
@ -245,6 +243,10 @@ to send a message line:
|
|||
<li>View the output within the "Tools" menu, "View Logs...". Note that the Fatal
|
||||
message, if any doesn't get logged.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>TODO: this will probably fail without a <code>__clzsi2</code> implementation, which is a
|
||||
good seg for the next section</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#llvm-intrinsics" id="llvm-intrinsics"><h2>LLVM Intrinsics</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: explain that we'll occasionally have to provide some intrinsics.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,14 +137,504 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#fixed-only" id="fixed-only"><h1>Fixed Only</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>In addition to not having the standard library available, we don't even have a
|
||||
floating point unit available! We can't do floating point math in hardware! We
|
||||
could still do floating point math as software computations if we wanted, but
|
||||
that's a slow, slow thing to do.</p>
|
||||
<p>Instead let's learn about another way to have fractional values called "Fixed
|
||||
Point"</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#fixed-point" id="fixed-point"><h2>Fixed Point</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: describe fixed point, make some types, do the impls, all that.</p>
|
||||
<p>In addition to not having much of the standard library available, we don't even
|
||||
have a floating point unit available! We can't do floating point math in
|
||||
hardware! We <em>could</em> still do floating point math as pure software computations
|
||||
if we wanted, but that's a slow, slow thing to do.</p>
|
||||
<p>Are there faster ways? It's the same answer as always: "Yes, but not without a
|
||||
tradeoff."</p>
|
||||
<p>The faster way is to represent fractional values using a system called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic">Fixed
|
||||
Point Representation</a>.
|
||||
What do we trade away? Numeric range.</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Floating point math stores bits for base value and for exponent all according
|
||||
to a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754">well defined</a> standard
|
||||
for how such a complicated thing works.</li>
|
||||
<li>Fixed point math takes a normal integer (either signed or unsigned) and then
|
||||
just "mentally associates" it (so to speak) with a fractional value for its
|
||||
"units". If you have 3 and it's in units of 1/2, then you have 3/2, or 1.5
|
||||
using decimal notation. If your number is 256 and it's in units of 1/256th
|
||||
then the value is 1.0 in decimal notation.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Floating point math requires dedicated hardware to perform quickly, but it can
|
||||
"trade" precision when it needs to represent extremely large or small values.</p>
|
||||
<p>Fixed point math is just integral math, which our GBA is reasonably good at, but
|
||||
because your number is associated with a fixed fraction your results can get out
|
||||
of range very easily.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#representing-a-fixed-point-value" id="representing-a-fixed-point-value"><h2>Representing A Fixed Point Value</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>So we want to associate our numbers with a mental note of what units they're in:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/marker/struct.PhantomData.html">PhantomData</a>
|
||||
is a type that tells the compiler "please remember this extra type info" when
|
||||
you add it as a field to a struct. It goes away at compile time, so it's
|
||||
perfect for us to use as space for a note to ourselves without causing runtime
|
||||
overhead.</li>
|
||||
<li>The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/typenum">typenum</a> crate is the best way to
|
||||
represent a number within a type in Rust. Since our values on the GBA are
|
||||
always specified as a number of fractional bits to count the number as, we can
|
||||
put <code>typenum</code> types such as <code>U8</code> or <code>U14</code> into our <code>PhantomData</code> to keep track
|
||||
of what's going on.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Now, those of you who know me, or perhaps just know my reputation, will of
|
||||
course <em>immediately</em> question what happened to the real Lokathor. I do not care
|
||||
for most crates, and I particularly don't care for using a crate in teaching
|
||||
situations. However, <code>typenum</code> has a number of factors on its side that let me
|
||||
suggest it in this situation:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>It's version 1.10 with a total of 21 versions and nearly 700k downloads, so we
|
||||
can expect that the major troubles have been shaken out and that it will remain
|
||||
fairly stable for quite some time to come.</li>
|
||||
<li>It has no further dependencies that it's going to drag into the compilation.</li>
|
||||
<li>It happens all at compile time, so it's not clogging up our actual game with
|
||||
any nonsense.</li>
|
||||
<li>The (interesting) subject of "how do you do math inside Rust's trait system?" is
|
||||
totally separate from the concern that we're trying to focus on here.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Therefore, we will consider it acceptable to use this crate.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now the <code>typenum</code> crate defines a whole lot, but we'll focus down to just a
|
||||
single type at the moment:
|
||||
<a href="https://docs.rs/typenum/1.10.0/typenum/uint/struct.UInt.html">UInt</a> is a
|
||||
type-level unsigned value. It's like <code>u8</code> or <code>u16</code>, but while they're types that
|
||||
then have values, each <code>UInt</code> construction statically equates to a specific
|
||||
value. Like how the <code>()</code> type only has one value, which is also called <code>()</code>. In
|
||||
this case, you wrap up <code>UInt</code> around smaller <code>UInt</code> values and a <code>B1</code> or <code>B0</code>
|
||||
value to build up the binary number that you want at the type level.</p>
|
||||
<p>In other words, instead of writing</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
let six = 0b110;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>We write</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
type U6 = UInt<UInt<UInt<UTerm, B1>, B1>, B0>;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Wild, I know. If you look into the <code>typenum</code> crate you can do math and stuff
|
||||
with these type level numbers, and we will a little bit below, but to start off
|
||||
we <em>just</em> need to store one in some <code>PhantomData</code>.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#a-struct-for-fixed-point" id="a-struct-for-fixed-point"><h3>A struct For Fixed Point</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>Our actual type for a fixed point value looks like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
use core::marker::PhantomData;
|
||||
use typenum::marker_traits::Unsigned;
|
||||
|
||||
/// Fixed point `T` value with `F` fractional bits.
|
||||
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct Fx<T, F: Unsigned> {
|
||||
bits: T,
|
||||
_phantom: PhantomData<F>,
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>This says that <code>Fx<T,F></code> is a generic type that holds some base number type <code>T</code>
|
||||
and a <code>F</code> type that's marking off how many fractional bits we're using. We only
|
||||
want people giving unsigned type-level values for the <code>PhantomData</code> type, so we
|
||||
use the trait bound <code>F: Unsigned</code>.</p>
|
||||
<p>We use
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1758-repr-transparent.md">repr(transparent)</a>
|
||||
here to ensure that <code>Fx</code> will always be treated just like the base type in the
|
||||
final program (in terms of bit pattern and ABI).</p>
|
||||
<p>If you go and check, this is <em>basically</em> how the existing general purpose crates
|
||||
for fixed point math represent their numbers. They're a little fancier about it
|
||||
because they have to cover every case, and we only have to cover our GBA case.</p>
|
||||
<p>That's quite a bit to type though. We probably want to make a few type aliases
|
||||
for things to be easier to look at. Unfortunately there's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic#Notation">no standard
|
||||
notation</a> for how
|
||||
you write a fixed point type. We also have to limit ourselves to what's valid
|
||||
for use in a Rust type too. I like the <code>fx</code> thing, so we'll use that for signed
|
||||
and then <code>fxu</code> if we need an unsigned value.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
/// Alias for an `i16` fixed point value with 8 fractional bits.
|
||||
pub type fx8_8 = Fx<i16,U8>;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Rust will complain about having <code>non_camel_case_types</code>, and you can shut that
|
||||
warning up by putting an <code>#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]</code> attribute on the type
|
||||
alias directly, or you can use <code>#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]</code> at the very top
|
||||
of the module to shut up that warning for the whole module (which is what I
|
||||
did).</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#constructing-a-fixed-point-value" id="constructing-a-fixed-point-value"><h2>Constructing A Fixed Point Value</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>So how do we actually <em>make</em> one of these values? Well, we can always just wrap or unwrap any value in our <code>Fx</code> type:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
impl<T, F: Unsigned> Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
/// Uses the provided value directly.
|
||||
pub fn from_raw(r: T) -> Self {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: r,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
/// Unwraps the inner value.
|
||||
pub fn into_raw(self) -> T {
|
||||
self.num
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>I'd like to use the <code>From</code> trait of course, but it was giving me some trouble, i
|
||||
think because of the orphan rule. Oh well.</p>
|
||||
<p>If we want to be particular to the fact that these are supposed to be
|
||||
<em>numbers</em>... that gets tricky. Rust is actually quite bad at being generic about
|
||||
number types. You can use the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/num">num</a> crate, or you
|
||||
can just use a macro and invoke it once per type. Guess what we're gonna do.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! fixed_point_methods {
|
||||
($t:ident) => {
|
||||
impl<F: Unsigned> Fx<$t, F> {
|
||||
/// Gives the smallest positive non-zero value.
|
||||
pub fn precision() -> Self {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: 1,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// Makes a value with the integer part shifted into place.
|
||||
pub fn from_int_part(i: $t) -> Self {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: i << F::U8,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {u8}
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {i8}
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {i16}
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {u16}
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {i32}
|
||||
fixed_point_methods! {u32}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Now <em>you'd think</em> that those can be <code>const</code>, but at the moment you can't have a
|
||||
<code>const</code> function with a bound on any trait other than <code>Sized</code>, so they have to
|
||||
be normal functions.</p>
|
||||
<p>Also, we're doing something a little interesting there with <code>from_int_part</code>. We
|
||||
can take our <code>F</code> type and get its constant value. There's other associated
|
||||
constants if we want it in other types, and also non-const methods if you wanted
|
||||
that for some reason (maybe passing it as a closure function? dunno).</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#casting-base-values" id="casting-base-values"><h2>Casting Base Values</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>Next, once we have a value in one base type we will need to be able to move it
|
||||
into another base type. Unfortunately this means we gotta use the <code>as</code> operator,
|
||||
which requires a concrete source type and a concrete destination type. There's
|
||||
no easy way for us to make it generic here.</p>
|
||||
<p>We could let the user use <code>into_raw</code>, cast, and then do <code>from_raw</code>, but that's
|
||||
error prone because they might change the fractional bit count accidentally.
|
||||
This means that we have to write a function that does the casting while
|
||||
perfectly preserving the fractional bit quantity. If we wrote one function for
|
||||
each conversion it'd be like 30 different possible casts (6 base types that we
|
||||
support, and then 5 possible target types). Instead, we'll write it just once in
|
||||
a way that takes a closure, and let the user pass a closure that does the cast.
|
||||
The compiler should merge it all together quite nicely for us once optimizations
|
||||
kick in.</p>
|
||||
<p>This code goes outside the macro. I want to avoid too much code in the macro if
|
||||
we can, it's a little easier to cope with I think.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
/// Casts the base type, keeping the fractional bit quantity the same.
|
||||
pub fn cast_inner<Z, C: Fn(T) -> Z>(self, op: C) -> Fx<Z, F> {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: op(self.num),
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>It's horrible and ugly, but Rust is just bad at numbers sometimes.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#adjusting-fractional-part" id="adjusting-fractional-part"><h2>Adjusting Fractional Part</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>In addition to the base value we might want to change our fractional bit
|
||||
quantity. This is actually easier that it sounds, but it also requires us to be
|
||||
tricky with the generics. We can actually use some typenum type level operators
|
||||
here.</p>
|
||||
<p>This code goes inside the macro: we need to be able to use the left shift and
|
||||
right shift, which is easiest when we just use the macro's <code>$t</code> as our type. We
|
||||
could alternately put a similar function outside the macro and be generic on <code>T</code>
|
||||
having the left and right shift operators by using a <code>where</code> clause. As much as
|
||||
I'd like to avoid too much code being generated by macro, I'd <em>even more</em> like
|
||||
to avoid generic code with huge and complicated trait bounds. It comes down to
|
||||
style, and you gotta decide for yourself.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
/// Changes the fractional bit quantity, keeping the base type the same.
|
||||
pub fn adjust_fractional_bits<Y: Unsigned + IsEqual<F, Output = False>>(self) -> Fx<$t, Y> {
|
||||
let leftward_movement: i32 = Y::to_i32() - F::to_i32();
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: if leftward_movement > 0 {
|
||||
self.num << leftward_movement
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
self.num >> (-leftward_movement)
|
||||
},
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>There's a few things at work. First, we introduce <code>Y</code> as the target number of
|
||||
fractional bits, and we <em>also</em> limit it that the target bits quantity can't be
|
||||
the same as we already have using a type-level operator. If it's the same as we
|
||||
started with, why are you doing the cast at all?</p>
|
||||
<p>Now, once we're sure that the current bits and target bits aren't the same, we
|
||||
compute <code>target - start</code>, and call this our "leftward movement". Example: if
|
||||
we're targeting 8 bits and we're at 4 bits, we do 8-4 and get +4 as our leftward
|
||||
movement. If the leftward_movement is positive we naturally shift our current
|
||||
value to the left. If it's not positive then it <em>must</em> be negative because we
|
||||
eliminated 0 as a possibility using the type-level operator, so we shift to the
|
||||
right by the negative value.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#addition-subtraction-shifting-negative-comparisons" id="addition-subtraction-shifting-negative-comparisons"><h2>Addition, Subtraction, Shifting, Negative, Comparisons</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>From here on we're getting help from <a href="https://spin.atomicobject.com/2012/03/15/simple-fixed-point-math/">this blog
|
||||
post</a> by <a href="https://spin.atomicobject.com/author/vranish/">Job
|
||||
Vranish</a>, so thank them if you
|
||||
learn something.</p>
|
||||
<p>I might have given away the game a bit with those <code>derive</code> traits on our fixed
|
||||
point type. For a fair number of operations you can use the normal form of the
|
||||
op on the inner bits as long as the fractional parts have the same quantity.
|
||||
This includes equality and ordering (which we derived) as well as addition,
|
||||
subtraction, and bit shifting (which we need to do ourselves).</p>
|
||||
<p>This code can go outside the macro, with sufficient trait bounds.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
impl<T: Add<Output = T>, F: Unsigned> Add for Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn add(self, rhs: Fx<T, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: self.num + rhs.num,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>The bound on <code>T</code> makes it so that <code>Fx<T, F></code> can be added any time that <code>T</code> can
|
||||
be added to its own type with itself as the output. We can use the exact same
|
||||
pattern for <code>Sub</code>, <code>Shl</code>, <code>Shr</code>, and <code>Neg</code>. With enough trait bounds, we can do
|
||||
anything!</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
impl<T: Sub<Output = T>, F: Unsigned> Sub for Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn sub(self, rhs: Fx<T, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: self.num - rhs.num,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl<T: Shl<u32, Output = T>, F: Unsigned> Shl<u32> for Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn shl(self, rhs: u32) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: self.num << rhs,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl<T: Shr<u32, Output = T>, F: Unsigned> Shr<u32> for Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: self.num >> rhs,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl<T: Neg<Output = T>, F: Unsigned> Neg for Fx<T, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn neg(self) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: -self.num,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Unfortunately, for <code>Shl</code> and <code>Shr</code> to have as much coverage on our type as it
|
||||
does on the base type (allowing just about any right hand side) we'd have to do
|
||||
another macro, but I think just <code>u32</code> is fine. We can always add more later if
|
||||
we need.</p>
|
||||
<p>We could also implement <code>BitAnd</code>, <code>BitOr</code>, <code>BitXor</code>, and <code>Not</code>, but they don't
|
||||
seem relevent to our fixed point math use, and this section is getting long
|
||||
already. Just use the same general patterns if you want to add it in your own
|
||||
programs. Shockingly, <code>Rem</code> also works directly if you want it, though I don't
|
||||
forsee us needing floating point remainder. Also, the GBA can't do hardware
|
||||
division or remainder, and we'll have to work around that below when we
|
||||
implement <code>Div</code> (which maybe we don't need, but it's complex enough I should
|
||||
show it instead of letting people guess).</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>Note:</strong> In addition to the various <code>Op</code> traits, there's also <code>OpAssign</code>
|
||||
variants. Each <code>OpAssign</code> is the same as <code>Op</code>, but takes <code>&mut self</code> instead of
|
||||
<code>self</code> and then modifies in place instead of producing a fresh value. In other
|
||||
words, if you want both <code>+</code> and <code>+=</code> you'll need to do the <code>AddAssign</code> trait
|
||||
too. It's not the worst thing to just write <code>a = a+b</code>, so I won't bother with
|
||||
showing all that here. It's pretty easy to figure out for yourself if you want.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#multiplication" id="multiplication"><h2>Multiplication</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>This is where things get more interesting. When we have two numbers <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
|
||||
they really stand for <code>(a*f)</code> and <code>(b*f)</code>. If we write <code>A*B</code> then we're really
|
||||
writing <code>(a*f)*(b*f)</code>, which can be rewritten as <code>(a*b)*2f</code>, and now it's
|
||||
obvious that we have one more <code>f</code> than we wanted to have. We have to do the
|
||||
multiply of the inner value and then divide out the <code>f</code>. We divide by <code>1 << bit_count</code>, so if we have 8 fractional bits we'll divide by 256.</p>
|
||||
<p>The catch is that, when we do the multiply we're <em>extremely</em> likely to overflow
|
||||
our base type with that multiplication step. Then we do that divide, and now our
|
||||
result is basically nonsense. We can avoid this to some extent by casting up to
|
||||
a higher bit type, doing the multiplication and division at higher precision,
|
||||
and then casting back down. We want as much precision as possible without being
|
||||
too inefficient, so we'll always cast up to 32-bit (on a 64-bit machine you'd
|
||||
cast up to 64-bit instead).</p>
|
||||
<p>Naturally, any signed value has to be cast up to <code>i32</code> and any unsigned value
|
||||
has to be cast up to <code>u32</code>, so we'll have to handle those separately.</p>
|
||||
<p>Also, instead of doing an <em>actual</em> divide we can right-shift by the correct
|
||||
number of bits to achieve the same effect. <em>Except</em> when we have a signed value
|
||||
that's negative, because actual division truncates towards zero and
|
||||
right-shifting truncates towards negative infinity. We can get around <em>this</em> by
|
||||
flipping the sign, doing the shift, and flipping the sign again (which sounds
|
||||
silly but it's so much faster than doing an actual division).</p>
|
||||
<p>Also, again signed values can be annoying, because if the value <em>just happens</em>
|
||||
to be <code>i32::MIN</code> then when you negate it you'll have... <em>still</em> a negative
|
||||
value. I'm not 100% on this, but I think the correct thing to do at that point
|
||||
is to give <code>$t::MIN</code> as out output num value.</p>
|
||||
<p>Did you get all that? Good, because this is involves casting, we will need to
|
||||
implement it three times, which calls for another macro.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! fixed_point_signed_multiply {
|
||||
($t:ident) => {
|
||||
impl<F: Unsigned> Mul for Fx<$t, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn mul(self, rhs: Fx<$t, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
let pre_shift = (self.num as i32).wrapping_mul(rhs.num as i32);
|
||||
if pre_shift < 0 {
|
||||
if pre_shift == core::i32::MIN {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: core::$t::MIN,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: (-((-pre_shift) >> F::U8)) as $t,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: (pre_shift >> F::U8) as $t,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_multiply! {i8}
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_multiply! {i16}
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_multiply! {i32}
|
||||
|
||||
macro_rules! fixed_point_unsigned_multiply {
|
||||
($t:ident) => {
|
||||
impl<F: Unsigned> Mul for Fx<$t, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn mul(self, rhs: Fx<$t, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: ((self.num as u32).wrapping_mul(rhs.num as u32) >> F::U8) as $t,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_multiply! {u8}
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_multiply! {u16}
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_multiply! {u32}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#division" id="division"><h2>Division</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>Division is similar to multiplication, but reversed. Which makes sense. This
|
||||
time <code>A/B</code> gives <code>(a*f)/(b*f)</code> which is <code>a/b</code>, one <em>less</em> <code>f</code> than we were
|
||||
after.</p>
|
||||
<p>As with the multiplication version of things, we have to up-cast our inner value
|
||||
as much a we can before doing the math, to allow for the most precision
|
||||
possible.</p>
|
||||
<p>The snag here is that the GBA has no division or remainder. Instead, the GBA has
|
||||
a BIOS function you can call to do <code>i32/i32</code> division.</p>
|
||||
<p>This is a potential problem for us though. If we have some unsigned value, we
|
||||
need it to fit within the positive space of an <code>i32</code> <em>after the multiply</em> so
|
||||
that we can cast it to <code>i32</code>, call the BIOS function that only works on <code>i32</code>
|
||||
values, and cast it back to its actual type.</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>If you have a u8 you're always okay, even with 8 floating bits.</li>
|
||||
<li>If you have a u16 you're okay even with a maximum value up to 15 floating
|
||||
bits, but having a maximum value and 16 floating bits makes it break.</li>
|
||||
<li>If you have a u32 you're probably going to be in trouble all the time.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>So... ugh, there's not much we can do about this. For now we'll just have to
|
||||
suffer some.</p>
|
||||
<p>// TODO: find a numerics book that tells us how to do <code>u32/u32</code> divisions.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! fixed_point_signed_division {
|
||||
($t:ident) => {
|
||||
impl<F: Unsigned> Div for Fx<$t, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn div(self, rhs: Fx<$t, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
let mul_output: i32 = (self.num as i32).wrapping_mul(1 << F::U8);
|
||||
let divide_result: i32 = crate::bios::div(mul_output, rhs.num as i32);
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: divide_result as $t,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_division! {i8}
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_division! {i16}
|
||||
fixed_point_signed_division! {i32}
|
||||
|
||||
macro_rules! fixed_point_unsigned_division {
|
||||
($t:ident) => {
|
||||
impl<F: Unsigned> Div for Fx<$t, F> {
|
||||
type Output = Self;
|
||||
fn div(self, rhs: Fx<$t, F>) -> Self::Output {
|
||||
let mul_output: i32 = (self.num as i32).wrapping_mul(1 << F::U8);
|
||||
let divide_result: i32 = crate::bios::div(mul_output, rhs.num as i32);
|
||||
Fx {
|
||||
num: divide_result as $t,
|
||||
phantom: PhantomData,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_division! {u8}
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_division! {u16}
|
||||
fixed_point_unsigned_division! {u32}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#trigonometry" id="trigonometry"><h2>Trigonometry</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: look up tables! arcbits!</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#just-using-a-crate" id="just-using-a-crate"><h2>Just Using A Crate</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>If, after seeing all that, and seeing that I still didn't even cover every
|
||||
possible trait impl that you might want for all the possible types... if after
|
||||
all that you feel too intimidated, then I'll cave a bit on your behalf and
|
||||
suggest to you that the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/fixed">fixed</a> crate seems to
|
||||
be the best crate available for fixed point math.</p>
|
||||
<p><em>I have not tested its use on the GBA myself</em>.</p>
|
||||
<p>It's just my recommendation from looking at the docs of the various options
|
||||
available, if you really wanted to just have a crate for it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,8 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#newtype" id="newtype"><h1>Newtype</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: we've already used newtype twice by now (fixed point values and volatile
|
||||
addresses), so we need to adjust how we start this section.</p>
|
||||
<p>There's a great Zero Cost abstraction that we'll be using a lot that you might
|
||||
not already be familiar with: we're talking about the "Newtype Pattern"!</p>
|
||||
<p>Now, I told you to read the Rust Book before you read this book, and I'm sure
|
||||
|
|
@ -161,39 +163,29 @@ cost at compile time.</p>
|
|||
#fn main() {
|
||||
pub struct PixelColor(u16);
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>TODO: we've already talked about repr(transparent) by now</p>
|
||||
<p>Ah, except that, as I'm sure you remember from <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/other-reprs.html#reprtransparent">The
|
||||
Rustonomicon</a>
|
||||
(and from <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1758-repr-transparent.md">the
|
||||
RFC</a>
|
||||
too, of course), if we have a single field struct that's sometimes different
|
||||
from having just the bare value, so we should be using <code>#[repr(transparent)]</code>
|
||||
with our newtypes.</p>
|
||||
(and from the RFC too, of course), if we have a single field struct that's
|
||||
sometimes different from having just the bare value, so we should be using
|
||||
<code>#[repr(transparent)]</code> with our newtypes.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct PixelColor(u16);
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Ah, and of course we'll need to make it so you can unwrap the value:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct PixelColor(u16);
|
||||
|
||||
impl From<PixelColor> for u16 {
|
||||
fn from(color: PixelColor) -> u16 {
|
||||
color.0
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And then we'll need to do that same thing for <em>every other newtype we want</em>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Except there's only two tiny parts that actually differ between newtype
|
||||
declarations: the new name and the base type. All the rest is just the same rote
|
||||
code over and over. Generating piles and piles of boilerplate code? Sounds like
|
||||
a job for a macro to me!</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#making-it-a-macro" id="making-it-a-macro"><h2>Making It A Macro</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>The most basic version of the macro we want goes like this:</p>
|
||||
<p>If you're going to do much with macros you should definitely read through <a href="https://danielkeep.github.io/tlborm/book/index.html">The
|
||||
Little Book of Rust
|
||||
Macros</a>, but we won't be
|
||||
doing too much so you can just follow along here a bit if you like.</p>
|
||||
<p>The most basic version of a newtype macro starts like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
|
|
@ -205,69 +197,92 @@ macro_rules! newtype {
|
|||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Except we also want to be able to add attributes (which includes doc comments),
|
||||
so we upgrade our macro a bit:</p>
|
||||
<p>The <code>#[macro_export]</code> makes it exported by the current module (like <code>pub</code>
|
||||
kinda), and then we have one expansion option that takes an identifier, a <code>,</code>,
|
||||
and then a second identifier. The new name is the outer type we'll be using, and
|
||||
the old name is the inner type that's being wrapped. You'd use our new macro
|
||||
something like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[macro_export]
|
||||
macro_rules! newtype {
|
||||
($(#[$attr:meta])* $new_name:ident, $old_name:ident) => {
|
||||
$(#[$attr])*
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct $new_name($old_name);
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
newtype! {PixelColorCurly, u16}
|
||||
|
||||
newtype!(PixelColorParens, u16);
|
||||
|
||||
newtype![PixelColorBrackets, u16];
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And we want to automatically add the ability to turn the wrapper type back into
|
||||
the wrapped type.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[macro_export]
|
||||
macro_rules! newtype {
|
||||
($(#[$attr:meta])* $new_name:ident, $old_name:ident) => {
|
||||
$(#[$attr])*
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct $new_name($old_name);
|
||||
|
||||
impl From<$new_name> for $old_name {
|
||||
fn from(x: $new_name) -> $old_name {
|
||||
x.0
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>That seems like enough for all of our examples, so we'll stop there. We could
|
||||
add more things:</p>
|
||||
<p>Note that you can invoke the macro with the outermost grouping as any of <code>()</code>,
|
||||
<code>[]</code>, or <code>{}</code>. It makes no particular difference to the macro. Also, that space
|
||||
in the first version is kinda to show off that you can put white space in
|
||||
between the macro name and the grouping if you want. The difference is mostly
|
||||
style, but there are some rules and considerations here:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Making the <code>From</code> impl being optional. We'd have to make the newtype
|
||||
invocation be more complicated somehow, the user puts ", no-unwrap" after the
|
||||
inner type declaration or something, or something like that.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allowing for more precise visibility controls on the wrapping type and on the
|
||||
inner field. This would add a lot of line noise, so we'll just always have our
|
||||
newtypes be <code>pub</code>.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allowing for generic newtypes, which might sound silly but that we'll actually
|
||||
see an example of soon enough. To do this you might <em>think</em> that we can change
|
||||
the <code>:ident</code> declarations to <code>:ty</code>, but since we're declaring a fresh type not
|
||||
using an existing type we have to accept it as an <code>:ident</code>. The way you get
|
||||
around this is with a proc-macro, which is a lot more powerful but which also
|
||||
requires that you write the proc-macro in an entirely other crate that gets
|
||||
compiled first. We don't need that much power, so for our examples we'll go
|
||||
with the macro_rules version and just do it by hand in the few cases where we
|
||||
need a generic newtype.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allowing for <code>Deref</code> and <code>DerefMut</code>, which usually defeats the point of doing
|
||||
the newtype, but maybe sometimes it's the right thing, so if you were going
|
||||
for the full industrial strength version with a proc-macro and all you might
|
||||
want to make that part of your optional add-ons as well the same way you might
|
||||
want optional <code>From</code>. You'd probably want <code>From</code> to be "on by default" and
|
||||
<code>Deref</code>/<code>DerefMut</code> to be "off by default", but whatever.</li>
|
||||
<li>If you use curly braces then you <em>must not</em> put a <code>;</code> after the invocation.</li>
|
||||
<li>If you use parentheses or brackets then you <em>must</em> put the <code>;</code> at the end.</li>
|
||||
<li>Rustfmt cares which you use and formats accordingly:
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Curly brace macro use mostly gets treated like a code block.</li>
|
||||
<li>Parentheses macro use mostly gets treated like a function call.</li>
|
||||
<li>Bracket macro use mostly gets treated like an array declaration.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#upgrade-that-macro" id="upgrade-that-macro"><h2>Upgrade That Macro!</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>We also want to be able to add <code>derive</code> stuff and doc comments to our newtype.
|
||||
Within the context of <code>macro_rules!</code> definitions these are called "meta". Since
|
||||
we can have any number of them we wrap it all up in a "zero or more" matcher.
|
||||
Then our macro looks like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[macro_export]
|
||||
macro_rules! newtype {
|
||||
($(#[$attr:meta])* $new_name:ident, $old_name:ident) => {
|
||||
$(#[$attr])*
|
||||
#[repr(transparent)]
|
||||
pub struct $new_name($old_name);
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>So now we can write</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
newtype! {
|
||||
/// Color on the GBA gives 5 bits for each channel, the highest bit is ignored.
|
||||
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
|
||||
PixelColor, u16
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And that's about all we'll need for the examples.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>As a reminder:</strong> remember that <code>macro_rules</code> macros have to appear <em>before</em>
|
||||
they're invoked in your source, so the <code>newtype</code> macro will always have to be at
|
||||
the very top of your file, or if you put it in a module within your project
|
||||
you'll need to declare the module before anything that uses it.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#potential-homework" id="potential-homework"><h2>Potential Homework</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>If you wanted to keep going and get really fancy with it, you could potentially
|
||||
add a lot more:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Make a <code>pub const fn new() -> Self</code> method that outputs the base value in a
|
||||
const way. Combine this with builder style "setter" methods that are also
|
||||
const and you can get the compiler to do quite a bit of the value building
|
||||
work at compile time.</li>
|
||||
<li>Making the macro optionally emit a <code>From</code> impl to unwrap it back into the base
|
||||
type.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allow for visibility modifiers to be applied to the inner field and the newly
|
||||
generated type.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allowing for generic newtypes. You already saw the need for this once in the
|
||||
volatile section. Unfortunately, this particular part gets really tricky if
|
||||
you're using <code>macro_rules!</code>, so you might need to move up to a full
|
||||
<code>proc_macro</code>. Having a <code>proc_macro</code> isn't bad except that they have to be
|
||||
defined in a crate of their own and they're compiled before use. You can't
|
||||
ever use them in the crate that defines them, so we won't be using them in any
|
||||
of our single file examples.</li>
|
||||
<li>Allowing for optional <code>Deref</code> and <code>DerefMut</code> of the inner value. This takes
|
||||
away most all the safety aspect of doing the newtype, but there may be times
|
||||
for it. As an example, you could make a newtype with a different form of
|
||||
Display impl that you want to otherwise treat as the base type in all places.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -280,7 +295,7 @@ you'll need to declare the module before anything that uses it.</p>
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<a rel="next" href="../02-concepts/00-index.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||||
<a rel="next" href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -298,7 +313,7 @@ you'll need to declare the module before anything that uses it.</p>
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
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<a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
319
docs/01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html
Normal file
319
docs/01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
<title>Const Asserts - Rust GBA Guide</title>
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="">
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
|
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
|
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
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<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
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<script type="text/javascript">var path_to_root = "../";</script>
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try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
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html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
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html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<div id="content" class="content">
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<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#constant-assertions" id="constant-assertions"><h1>Constant Assertions</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>Have you ever wanted to assert things <em>even before runtime</em>? We all have, of
|
||||
course. Particularly when the runtime machine is a poor little GBA, we'd like to
|
||||
have the machine doing the compile handle as much checking as possible.</p>
|
||||
<p>Enter the <a href="https://docs.rs/static_assertions/">static assertions</a> crate, which
|
||||
provides a way to let you assert on a <code>const</code> expression.</p>
|
||||
<p>This is an amazing crate that you should definitely use when you can.</p>
|
||||
<p>It's written by <a href="https://github.com/nvzqz">Nikolai Vazquez</a>, and they kindly
|
||||
wrote up a <a href="https://nikolaivazquez.com/posts/programming/rust-static-assertions/">blog
|
||||
post</a> that
|
||||
explains the thinking behind it.</p>
|
||||
<p>However, I promised that each example would be single file, and I also promised
|
||||
to explain what's going on as we go, so we'll briefly touch upon giving an
|
||||
explanation here.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#how-we-const-assert" id="how-we-const-assert"><h2>How We Const Assert</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>Alright, as it stands (2018-12-15), we can't use <code>if</code> in a <code>const</code> context.</p>
|
||||
<p>Since we can't use <code>if</code>, we can't use a normal <code>assert!</code>. Some day it will be
|
||||
possible, and a failed assert at compile time will be a compile error and a
|
||||
failed assert at run time will be a panic and we'll have a nice unified
|
||||
programming experience. We can add runtime-only assertions by being a little
|
||||
tricky with the compiler.</p>
|
||||
<p>If we write</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
const ASSERT: usize = 0 - 1;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>that gives a warning, since the math would underflow. We can upgrade that
|
||||
warning to a hard error:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[deny(const_err)]
|
||||
const ASSERT: usize = 0 - 1;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And to make our construction reusable we can enable the
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/54912">underscore_const_names</a> feature
|
||||
in our program (or library) and then give each such const an underscore for a
|
||||
name.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#![feature(underscore_const_names)]
|
||||
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[deny(const_err)]
|
||||
const _: usize = 0 - 1;
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Now we wrap this in a macro where we give a <code>bool</code> expression as input. We
|
||||
negate the bool then cast it to a <code>usize</code>, meaning that <code>true</code> negates into
|
||||
<code>false</code>, which becomes <code>0usize</code>, and then there's no underflow error. Or if the
|
||||
input was <code>false</code>, it negates into <code>true</code>, then becomes <code>1usize</code>, and then the
|
||||
underflow error fires.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! const_assert {
|
||||
($condition:expr) => {
|
||||
#[deny(const_err)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
const ASSERT: usize = 0 - !$condition as usize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Technically, written like this, the expression can be anything with a
|
||||
<code>core::ops::Not</code> implementation that can also be <code>as</code> cast into <code>usize</code>. That's
|
||||
<code>bool</code>, but also basically all the other number types. Since we want to ensure
|
||||
that we get proper looking type errors when things go wrong, we can use
|
||||
<code>($condition && true)</code> to enforce that we get a <code>bool</code> (thanks to <code>Talchas</code> for
|
||||
that particular suggestion).</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! const_assert {
|
||||
($condition:expr) => {
|
||||
#[deny(const_err)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
const _: usize = 0 - !($condition && true) as usize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#asserting-something" id="asserting-something"><h2>Asserting Something</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>As an example of how we might use a <code>const_assert</code>, we'll do a demo with colors.
|
||||
There's a red, blue, and green channel. We store colors in a <code>u16</code> with 5 bits
|
||||
for each channel.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
newtype! {
|
||||
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
|
||||
Color, u16
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And when we're building a color, we're passing in <code>u16</code> values, but they could
|
||||
be using more than just 5 bits of space. We want to make sure that each channel
|
||||
is 31 or less, so we can make a color builder that does a <code>const_assert!</code> on the
|
||||
value of each channel.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
macro_rules! rgb {
|
||||
($r:expr, $g:expr, $b:expr) => {
|
||||
{
|
||||
const_assert!($r <= 31);
|
||||
const_assert!($g <= 31);
|
||||
const_assert!($b <= 31);
|
||||
Color($b << 10 | $g << 5 | $r)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And then we can declare some colors</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
const RED: Color = rgb!(31, 0, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
const BLUE: Color = rgb!(31, 500, 0);
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>The second one is clearly out of bounds and it fires an error just like we
|
||||
wanted.</p>
|
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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</nav>
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|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
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|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#broad-concepts" id="broad-concepts"><h1>Broad Concepts</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>The GameBoy Advance sits in a middle place between the chthonic game consoles of
|
||||
the ancient past and the "small PC in a funny case" consoles of the modern age.</p>
|
||||
<p>On the one hand, yeah, you're gonna find a few strange conventions as you learn
|
||||
all the ropes.</p>
|
||||
<p>On the other, at least we're writing in Rust at all, and not having to do all
|
||||
the assembly by hand.</p>
|
||||
<p>This chapter for "concepts" has a section for each part of the GBA's hardware
|
||||
memory map, going by increasing order of base address value. The sections try to
|
||||
explain as much as possible while sticking to just the concerns you might have
|
||||
regarding that part of the memory map.</p>
|
||||
<p>For an assessment of how to wrangle all three parts of the video system (PALRAM,
|
||||
VRAM, and OAM), along with the correct IO registers, into something that shows a
|
||||
picture, you'll want the Video chapter.</p>
|
||||
<p>Similarly, the "IO Registers" part of the GBA actually controls how you interact
|
||||
with every single bit of hardware connected to the GBA. A full description of
|
||||
everything is obviously too much for just one section of the book. Instead you
|
||||
get an overview of general IO register rules and advice. Each particular
|
||||
register is described in the appropriate sections of either the Video or
|
||||
Non-Video chapters.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#bus-size" id="bus-size"><h2>Bus Size</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: describe this</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#minimum-write-size" id="minimum-write-size"><h2>Minimum Write Size</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: talk about parts where you can't write one byte at a time</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#volatile-or-not" id="volatile-or-not"><h2>Volatile or Not?</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>TODO: discuss what memory should be used volatile style and what can be used normal style.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
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@ -161,7 +186,7 @@
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||||
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
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<a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,216 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#bios" id="bios"><h1>BIOS</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x0</code> to <code>0x3FFF</code> (16k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS">BIOS</a> of the GBA is a small read-only
|
||||
portion of memory at the very base of the address space. However, it is also
|
||||
hardware protected against reading, so if you try to read from BIOS memory when
|
||||
the program counter isn't pointed into the BIOS (eg: any time code <em>you</em> write
|
||||
is executing) then you get <a href="https://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#gbaunpredictablethings">basically garbage
|
||||
data</a> back.</p>
|
||||
<p>So we're not going to spend time here talking about what bits to read or write
|
||||
within BIOS memory like we do with the other sections. Instead we're going to
|
||||
spend time talking about <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/unstable-book/language-features/asm.html">inline
|
||||
assembly</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29722">tracking issue</a>) and then use
|
||||
it to call the <a href="https://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#biosfunctions">GBA BIOS
|
||||
Functions</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Note that BIOS calls have <em>more overhead than normal function calls</em>, so don't
|
||||
go using them all over the place if you don't have to. They're also usually
|
||||
written more to be compact in terms of code than for raw speed, so you actually
|
||||
can out speed them in some cases. Between the increased overhead and not being
|
||||
as speed optimized, you can sometimes do a faster job without calling the BIOS
|
||||
at all. (TODO: investigate more about what parts of the BIOS we could
|
||||
potentially offer faster alternatives for.)</p>
|
||||
<p>I'd like to take a moment to thank <a href="https://github.com/mbr">Marc Brinkmann</a>
|
||||
(with contributions from <a href="https://github.com/oli-obk">Oliver Schneider</a> and
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/phil-opp">Philipp Oppermann</a>) for writing <a href="http://embed.rs/articles/2016/arm-inline-assembly-rust/">this blog
|
||||
post</a>. It's at least
|
||||
ten times the tutorial quality as the <code>asm</code> entry in the Unstable Book has. In
|
||||
fairness to the Unstable Book, the actual spec of how inline ASM works in rust
|
||||
is "basically what clang does", and that's specified as "basically what GCC
|
||||
does", and that's basically/shockingly not specified much at all despite GCC
|
||||
being like 30 years old.</p>
|
||||
<p>So let's be slow and pedantic about this process.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#inline-asm" id="inline-asm"><h2>Inline ASM</h2></a>
|
||||
<p><strong>Fair Warning:</strong> Inline asm is one of the least stable parts of Rust overall,
|
||||
and if you write bad things you can trigger internal compiler errors and panics
|
||||
and crashes and make LLVM choke and die without explanation. If you write some
|
||||
inline asm and then suddenly your program suddenly stops compiling without
|
||||
explanation, try commenting out that whole inline asm use and see if it's
|
||||
causing the problem. Double check that you've written every single part of the
|
||||
asm call absolutely correctly, etc, etc.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>Bonus Warning:</strong> The general information that follows regarding the asm macro
|
||||
is consistent from system to system, but specific information about register
|
||||
names, register quantities, asm instruction argument ordering, and so on is
|
||||
specific to ARM on the GBA. If you're programming for any other device you'll
|
||||
need to carefully investigate that before you begin.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now then, with those out of the way, the inline asm docs describe an asm call as
|
||||
looking like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
asm!(assembly template
|
||||
: output operands
|
||||
: input operands
|
||||
: clobbers
|
||||
: options
|
||||
);
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>And once you stick a lot of stuff in there it can <em>absolutely</em> be hard to
|
||||
remember the ordering of the elements. So we'll start with a code block that
|
||||
has some comments thrown in on each line:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
asm!(/* ASM */ TODO
|
||||
:/* OUT */ TODO
|
||||
:/* INP */ TODO
|
||||
:/* CLO */ TODO
|
||||
:/* OPT */
|
||||
);
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>Now we have to decide what we're gonna write. Obviously we're going to do some
|
||||
instructions, but those instructions use registers, and how are we gonna talk
|
||||
about them? We've got two choices.</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>We can pick each and every register used by specifying exact register names.
|
||||
In THUMB mode we have 8 registers available, named <code>r0</code> through <code>r7</code>. If you
|
||||
switch into 32-bit mode there's additional registers that are also available.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>We can specify slots for registers we need and let LLVM decide. In this style
|
||||
you name your slots <code>$0</code>, <code>$1</code> and so on. Slot numbers are assigned first to
|
||||
all specified outputs, then to all specified inputs, in the order that you
|
||||
list them.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>In the case of the GBA BIOS, each BIOS function has pre-designated input and
|
||||
output registers, so we will use the first style. If you use inline ASM in other
|
||||
parts of your code you're free to use the second style.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#assembly" id="assembly"><h3>Assembly</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>This is just one big string literal. You write out one instruction per line, and
|
||||
excess whitespace is ignored. You can also do comments within your assembly
|
||||
using <code>;</code> to start a comment that goes until the end of the line.</p>
|
||||
<p>Assembly convention doesn't consider it unreasonable to comment potentially as
|
||||
much as <em>every single line</em> of asm that you write when you're getting used to
|
||||
things. Or even if you are used to things. This is cryptic stuff, there's a
|
||||
reason we avoid writing in it as much as possible.</p>
|
||||
<p>Remember that our Rust code is in 16-bit mode. You <em>can</em> switch to 32-bit mode
|
||||
within your asm as long as you switch back by the time the block ends. Otherwise
|
||||
you'll have a bad time.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#outputs" id="outputs"><h3>Outputs</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>A comma separated list. Each entry looks like</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><code>"constraint" (binding)</code></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>An output constraint starts with a symbol:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><code>=</code> for write only</li>
|
||||
<li><code>+</code> for reads and writes</li>
|
||||
<li><code>&</code> for for "early clobber", meaning that you'll write to this at some point
|
||||
before all input values have been read. It prevents this register from being
|
||||
assigned to an input register.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Followed by <em>either</em> the letter <code>r</code> (if you want LLVM to pick the register to
|
||||
use) or curly braces around a specific register (if you want to pick).</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>The binding can be any single 32-bit or smaller value.</li>
|
||||
<li>If your binding has bit pattern requirements ("must be non-zero", etc) you are
|
||||
responsible for upholding that.</li>
|
||||
<li>If your binding type will try to <code>Drop</code> later then you are responsible for it
|
||||
being in a fit state to do that.</li>
|
||||
<li>The binding must be either a mutable binding or a binding that was
|
||||
pre-declared but not yet assigned.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Anything else is UB.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#inputs" id="inputs"><h3>Inputs</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>This is a similar comma separated list.</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><code>"constraint" (binding)</code></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>An input constraint doesn't have the symbol prefix, you just pick either <code>r</code> or
|
||||
a named register with curly braces around it.</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>An input binding must be a single 32-bit or smaller value.</li>
|
||||
<li>An input binding <em>should</em> be a type that is <code>Copy</code> but this is not an absolute
|
||||
requirement. Having the input be read is semantically similar to using
|
||||
<code>core::ptr::read(&binding)</code> and forgetting the value when you're done.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#clobbers" id="clobbers"><h3>Clobbers</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>Sometimes your asm will touch registers other than the ones declared for input
|
||||
and output.</p>
|
||||
<p>Clobbers are declared as a comma separated list of string literals naming
|
||||
specific registers. You don't use curly braces with clobbers.</p>
|
||||
<p>LLVM <em>needs</em> to know this information. It can move things around to keep your
|
||||
data safe, but only if you tell it what's about to happen.</p>
|
||||
<p>Failure to define all of your clobbers can cause UB.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#options" id="options"><h3>Options</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>There's only one option we'd care to specify. That option is "volatile".</p>
|
||||
<p>Just like with a function call, LLVM will skip a block of asm if it doesn't see
|
||||
that any outputs from the asm were used later on. Nearly every single BIOS call
|
||||
(other than the math operations) will need to be marked as "volatile".</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#bios-asm" id="bios-asm"><h3>BIOS ASM</h3></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Inputs are always <code>r0</code>, <code>r1</code>, <code>r2</code>, and/or <code>r3</code>, depending on function.</li>
|
||||
<li>Outputs are always zero or more of <code>r0</code>, <code>r1</code>, and <code>r3</code>.</li>
|
||||
<li>Any of the output registers that aren't actually used should be marked as
|
||||
clobbered.</li>
|
||||
<li>All other registers are unaffected.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>All of the GBA BIOS calls are performed using the
|
||||
<a href="http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0068b/BABFCEEG.html">swi</a>
|
||||
instruction, combined with a value depending on what BIOS function you're trying
|
||||
to invoke. If you're in 16-bit code you use the value directly, and if you're in
|
||||
32-bit mode you shift the value up by 16 bits first.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#example-bios-function-division" id="example-bios-function-division"><h3>Example BIOS Function: Division</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>For our example we'll use the division function, because GBATEK gives very clear
|
||||
instructions on how each register is used with that one:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="language-txt">Signed Division, r0/r1.
|
||||
r0 signed 32bit Number
|
||||
r1 signed 32bit Denom
|
||||
Return:
|
||||
r0 Number DIV Denom ;signed
|
||||
r1 Number MOD Denom ;signed
|
||||
r3 ABS (Number DIV Denom) ;unsigned
|
||||
For example, incoming -1234, 10 should return -123, -4, +123.
|
||||
The function usually gets caught in an endless loop upon division by zero.
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>The math folks tell me that the <code>r1</code> value should be properly called the
|
||||
"remainder" not the "modulus". We'll go with that for our function, doesn't hurt
|
||||
to use the correct names. Our Rust function has an assert against dividing by
|
||||
<code>0</code>, then we name some bindings <em>without</em> giving them a value, we make the asm
|
||||
call, and then return what we got.</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
pub fn div_rem(numerator: i32, denominator: i32) -> (i32, i32) {
|
||||
assert!(denominator != 0);
|
||||
let div_out: i32;
|
||||
let rem_out: i32;
|
||||
unsafe {
|
||||
asm!(/* ASM */ "swi 0x06"
|
||||
:/* OUT */ "={r0}"(div_out), "={r1}"(rem_out)
|
||||
:/* INP */ "{r0}"(numerator), "{r1}"(denominator)
|
||||
:/* CLO */ "r3"
|
||||
:/* OPT */
|
||||
);
|
||||
}
|
||||
(div_out, rem_out)
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>I <em>hope</em> this all makes sense by now.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#specific-bios-functions" id="specific-bios-functions"><h2>Specific BIOS Functions</h2></a>
|
||||
<p>For a full list of all the specific BIOS functions and their use you should
|
||||
check the <code>gba::bios</code> module within the <code>gba</code> crate. There's just so many of
|
||||
them that enumerating them all here wouldn't serve much purpose.</p>
|
||||
<p>Which is not to say that we'll never cover any BIOS functions in this book!
|
||||
Instead, we'll simply mention them when whenever they're relevent to the task at
|
||||
hand (such as controlling sound or waiting for vblank).</p>
|
||||
<p>//TODO: list/name all BIOS functions as well as what they relate to elsewhere.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,29 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#work-ram" id="work-ram"><h1>Work RAM</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#external-work-ram-ewram" id="external-work-ram-ewram"><h2>External Work RAM (EWRAM)</h2></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x2000000</code> to <code>0x203FFFF</code> (256k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>This is a big pile of space, the use of which is up to each game. However, the
|
||||
external work ram has only a 16-bit bus (if you read/write a 32-bit value it
|
||||
silently breaks it up into two 16-bit operations) and also 2 wait cycles (extra
|
||||
CPU cycles that you have to expend <em>per 16-bit bus use</em>).</p>
|
||||
<p>It's most helpful to think of EWRAM as slower, distant memory, similar to the
|
||||
"heap" in a normal application. You can take the time to go store something
|
||||
within EWRAM, or to load it out of EWRAM, but if you've got several operations
|
||||
to do in a row and you're worried about time you should pull that value into
|
||||
local memory, work on your local copy, and then push it back out to EWRAM.</p>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#internal-work-ram-iwram" id="internal-work-ram-iwram"><h2>Internal Work RAM (IWRAM)</h2></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x3000000</code> to <code>0x3007FFF</code> (32k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>This is a smaller pile of space, but it has a 32-bit bus and no wait.</p>
|
||||
<p>By default, <code>0x3007F00</code> to <code>0x3007FFF</code> is reserved for interrupt and BIOS use.
|
||||
The rest of it is mostly up to you. The user's stack space starts at <code>0x3007F00</code>
|
||||
and proceeds <em>down</em> from there. For best results you should probably start at
|
||||
<code>0x3000000</code> and then go upwards. Under normal use it's unlikely that the two
|
||||
memory regions will crash into each other.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,9 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#io-registers" id="io-registers"><h1>IO Registers</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x400_0000</code> to <code>0x400_03FE</code></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,49 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#palette-ram" id="palette-ram"><h1>Palette RAM</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#palette-ram-palram" id="palette-ram-palram"><h1>Palette RAM (PALRAM)</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x500_0000</code> to <code>0x500_03FF</code> (1k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Palette RAM has a 16-bit bus, which isn't really a problem because it
|
||||
conceptually just holds <code>u16</code> values. There's no automatic wait state, but if
|
||||
you try to access the same location that the display controller is accessing you
|
||||
get bumped by 1 cycle. Since the display controller can use the palette ram any
|
||||
number of times per scanline it's basically impossible to predict if you'll have
|
||||
to do a wait or not during VDraw. During VBlank you won't have any wait of
|
||||
course.</p>
|
||||
<p>PALRAM is among the memory where there's weirdness if you try to write just one
|
||||
byte: if you try to write just 1 byte, it writes that byte into <em>both</em> parts of
|
||||
the larger 16-bit location. This doesn't really affect us much with PALRAM,
|
||||
because palette values are all supposed to be <code>u16</code> anyway.</p>
|
||||
<p>The palette memory actually contains not one, but <em>two</em> sets of palettes. First
|
||||
there's 256 entries for the background palette data (starting at <code>0x5000000</code>),
|
||||
and then there's 256 entries for object palette data (starting at <code>0x5000200</code>).</p>
|
||||
<p>The GBA also has two modes for palette access: 8-bits-per-pixel (8bpp) and
|
||||
4-bits-per-pixel (4bpp).</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>In 8bpp mode an 8-bit palette index value within a background or sprite
|
||||
simply indexes directly into the 256 slots for that type of thing.</li>
|
||||
<li>In 4bpp mode a 4-bit palette index value within a background or sprite
|
||||
specifies an index within a particular "palbank" (16 palette entries each),
|
||||
and then a <em>separate</em> setting outside of the graphical data determines which
|
||||
palbank is to be used for that background or object (the screen entry data for
|
||||
backgrounds, and the object attributes for objects).</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#transparency" id="transparency"><h3>Transparency</h3></a>
|
||||
<p>When a pixel within a background or object specifies index 0 as its palette
|
||||
entry it is treated as a transparent pixel. This means that in 8bpp mode there's
|
||||
only 255 actual color options (0 being transparent), and in 4bpp mode there's
|
||||
only 15 actual color options available within each palbank (the 0th entry of
|
||||
<em>each</em> palbank is transparent).</p>
|
||||
<p>Individual backgrounds, and individual objects, each determine if they're 4bpp
|
||||
or 8bpp separately, so a given overall palette slot might map to a used color in
|
||||
8bpp and an unused/transparent color in 4bpp. If you're a palette wizard.</p>
|
||||
<p>Palette slot 0 of the overall background palette is used to determine the
|
||||
"backdrop" color. That's the color you see if no background or object ends up
|
||||
being rendered within a given pixel.</p>
|
||||
<p>Since display mode 3 and display mode 5 don't use the palette, they cannot
|
||||
benefit from transparency.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,29 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#video-ram" id="video-ram"><h1>Video RAM</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#video-ram-vram" id="video-ram-vram"><h1>Video RAM (VRAM)</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x600_0000</code> to <code>0x601_7FFF</code> (96k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>We've used this before! VRAM has a 16-bit bus and no wait. However, the same as
|
||||
with PALRAM, the "you might have to wait if the display controller is looking at
|
||||
it" rule applies here.</p>
|
||||
<p>Unfortunately there's not much more exact detail that can be given about VRAM.
|
||||
The use of the memory depends on the video mode that you're using.</p>
|
||||
<p>One general detail of note is that you can't write individual bytes to any part
|
||||
of VRAM. Depending on mode and location, you'll either get your bytes doubled
|
||||
into both the upper and lower parts of the 16-bit location targeted, or you
|
||||
won't even affect the memory. This usually isn't a big deal, except in two
|
||||
situations:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>In Mode 4, if you want to change just 1 pixel, you'll have to be very careful
|
||||
to read the old <code>u16</code>, overwrite just the byte you wanted to change, and then
|
||||
write that back.</li>
|
||||
<li>In any display mode, avoid using <code>memcopy</code> to place things into VRAM.
|
||||
It's written to be byte oriented, and only does 32-bit transfers under select
|
||||
conditions. The rest of the time it'll copy one byte at a time and you'll get
|
||||
either garbage or nothing at all.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,63 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#object-attribute-memory" id="object-attribute-memory"><h1>Object Attribute Memory</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#object-attribute-memory-oam" id="object-attribute-memory-oam"><h1>Object Attribute Memory (OAM)</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0x700_0000</code> to <code>0x700_03FF</code> (1k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The Object Attribute Memory has a 32-bit bus and no default wait, but suffers
|
||||
from the "you might have to wait if the display controller is looking at it"
|
||||
rule. You cannot write individual bytes to OAM at all, but that's not really a
|
||||
problem because all the fields of the data types within OAM are either <code>i16</code> or
|
||||
<code>u16</code> anyway.</p>
|
||||
<p>Object attribute memory is the wildest yet: it conceptually contains two types
|
||||
of things, but they're <em>interlaced</em> with each other all the way through.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now, <a href="http://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#lcdobjoamattributes">GBATEK</a> and
|
||||
<a href="https://www.cs.rit.edu/%7Etjh8300/CowBite/CowBiteSpec.htm#OAM%20(sprites)">CowByte</a>
|
||||
doesn't quite give names to the two data types here.
|
||||
<a href="https://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/regobj.htm#sec-oam">TONC</a> calls them
|
||||
<code>OBJ_ATTR</code> and <code>OBJ_AFFINE</code>, but we'll be giving them names fitting with the
|
||||
Rust naming convention. Just know that if you try to talk about it with others
|
||||
they might not be using the same names. In Rust terms their layout would look
|
||||
like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
|
||||
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
#fn main() {
|
||||
#[repr(C)]
|
||||
pub struct ObjectAttributes {
|
||||
attr0: u16,
|
||||
attr1: u16,
|
||||
attr2: u16,
|
||||
filler: i16,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#[repr(C)]
|
||||
pub struct AffineMatrix {
|
||||
filler0: [u16; 3],
|
||||
pa: i16,
|
||||
filler1: [u16; 3],
|
||||
pb: i16,
|
||||
filler2: [u16; 3],
|
||||
pc: i16,
|
||||
filler3: [u16; 3],
|
||||
pd: i16,
|
||||
}
|
||||
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>(Note: the <code>#[repr(C)]</code> part just means that Rust must lay out the data exactly
|
||||
in the order we specify, which otherwise it is not required to do).</p>
|
||||
<p>So, we've got 1024 bytes in OAM and each <code>ObjectAttributes</code> value is 8 bytes, so
|
||||
naturally we can support up to 128 objects.</p>
|
||||
<p><em>At the same time</em>, we've got 1024 bytes in OAM and each <code>AffineMatrix</code> is 32
|
||||
bytes, so we can have 32 of them.</p>
|
||||
<p>But, as I said, these things are all <em>interlaced</em> with each other. See how
|
||||
there's "filler" fields in each struct? If we imagine the OAM as being just an
|
||||
array of one type or the other, indexes 0/1/2/3 of the <code>ObjectAttributes</code> array
|
||||
would line up with index 0 of the <code>AffineMatrix</code> array. It's kinda weird, but
|
||||
that's just how it works. When we setup functions to read and write these values
|
||||
we'll have to be careful with how we do it. We probably <em>won't</em> want to use
|
||||
those representations above, at least not with the <code>AffineMatrix</code> type, because
|
||||
they're quite wasteful if you want to store just object attributes or just
|
||||
affine matrices.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,18 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#game-pak-rom--flash-rom" id="game-pak-rom--flash-rom"><h1>Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#game-pak-rom--flash-rom-rom" id="game-pak-rom--flash-rom-rom"><h1>Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM (ROM)</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span (Wait State 0):</strong> <code>0x800_0000</code> to <code>0x9FF_FFFF</code></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span (Wait State 1):</strong> <code>0xA00_0000</code> to <code>0xBFF_FFFF</code></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span (Wait State 2):</strong> <code>0xC00_0000</code> to <code>0xDFF_FFFF</code></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The game's ROM data is a single set of data that's up to 32 megabytes in size.
|
||||
However, that data is mirrored to three different locations in the address
|
||||
space. Depending on which part of the address space you use, it can affect the
|
||||
memory timings involved.</p>
|
||||
<p>TODO: describe <code>WAITCNT</code> here, we won't get a better chance at it.</p>
|
||||
<p>TODO: discuss THUMB vs ARM code and why THUMB is so much faster (because ROM is a 16-bit bus)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,19 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#save-ram" id="save-ram"><h1>Save RAM</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#save-ram-sram" id="save-ram-sram"><h1>Save RAM (SRAM)</h1></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Address Span:</strong> <code>0xE00_0000</code> to <code>0xE00FFFF</code> (64k)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The actual amount of SRAM available depends on your game pak, and the 64k figure
|
||||
is simply the maximum possible. A particular game pak might have less, and an
|
||||
emulator will likely let you have all 64k if you want.</p>
|
||||
<p>As with other portions of the address space, SRAM has some number of wait cycles
|
||||
per use. As with ROM, you can change the wait cycle settings via the <code>WAITCNT</code>
|
||||
register if the defaults don't work well for your game pak. See the ROM section
|
||||
for full details of how the <code>WAITCNT</code> register works.</p>
|
||||
<p>The game pak SRAM also has only an 8-bit bus, so have fun with that.</p>
|
||||
<p>The GBA Direct Memory Access (DMA) unit cannot access SRAM.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,12 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#video" id="video"><h1>Video</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>GBA Video starts with an IO register called the "Display Control Register", and
|
||||
then spirals out from there. You generally have to use Palette RAM (PALRAM),
|
||||
Video RAM (VRAM), Object Attribute Memory (OAM), as well as any number of other
|
||||
IO registers.</p>
|
||||
<p>They all have to work together just right, and there's a lot going on when you
|
||||
first try doing it, so try to take it very slowly as you're learning each step.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
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|
@ -137,6 +137,21 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#non-video" id="non-video"><h1>Non-Video</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>Besides video effects the GBA still has an okay amount of stuff going on.</p>
|
||||
<p>Obviously you'll want to know how to read the user's button inputs. That can
|
||||
almost go without saying, except that I said it.</p>
|
||||
<p>Each other part can be handled in about any order you like.</p>
|
||||
<p>Using interrupts is perhaps one of the hardest things for us as Rust programmers
|
||||
due to quirks in our compilation process. Our code all gets compiled to 16-bit
|
||||
THUMB instructions, and we don't have a way to mark a function to be compiled
|
||||
using 32-bit ASM instructions instead. However, an interrupt handler <em>must</em> be
|
||||
written in 32-bit ASM instructions for it to work. That means that we have to
|
||||
write our interrupt handler in 32-bit ASM by hand. We'll do it, but I don't
|
||||
think we'll be too happy about it.</p>
|
||||
<p>The Link Cable related stuff is also probably a little harder to test than
|
||||
anything else. Just because link cable emulation isn't always the best, and or
|
||||
you need two GBAs with two flash carts and the cable for hardware testing.
|
||||
Still, we'll try to go over it eventually.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
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|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,6 +137,8 @@
|
|||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#buttons" id="buttons"><h1>Buttons</h1></a>
|
||||
<p>It's all well and good to just show a picture, even to show an animation, but if
|
||||
we want a game we have to let the user interact with something.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
|
|||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<a class="header" href="#network" id="network"><h1>Network</h1></a>
|
||||
<a class="header" href="#link-cable" id="link-cable"><h1>Link Cable</h1></a>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="../00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="../00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="../01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="../02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="../03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="../04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="../05-examples/04-bg_demo.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/06-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Network</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="00-introduction/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="00-introduction/01-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Reader Requirements</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/02-goals_and_style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Book Goals and Style</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/03-development-setup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Development Setup</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/04-hello-magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Hello, Magic</a></li><li><a href="00-introduction/05-help_and_resources.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Help and Resources</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="01-quirks/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Quirks</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="01-quirks/01-no_std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> No Std</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/02-fixed_only.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Fixed Only</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/03-volatile_destination.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Volatile Destination</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/04-newtype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Newtype</a></li><li><a href="01-quirks/05-const_asserts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Const Asserts</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="02-concepts/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="02-concepts/01-cpu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> CPU</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/02-bios.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> BIOS</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/03-wram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Work RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/04-io-registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> IO Registers</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/05-palram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Palette RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/06-vram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Video RAM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/07-oam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Object Attribute Memory</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/08-rom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Game Pak ROM / Flash ROM</a></li><li><a href="02-concepts/09-sram.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Save RAM</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="03-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="03-video/01-rgb15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> RBG15 Color</a></li><li><a href="03-video/TODO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> TODO</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="04-non-video/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Non-Video</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="04-non-video/01-buttons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/02-timers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Timers</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/03-dma.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Direct Memory Access</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/04-sound.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Sound</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/05-interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/06-link_cable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Link Cable</a></li><li><a href="04-non-video/07-game_pak.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Game Pak</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="05-examples/00-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="05-examples/01-hello_magic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> hello_magic</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/02-hello_world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> hello_world</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/03-light_cycle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> light_cycle</a></li><li><a href="05-examples/04-bg_demo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> bg_demo</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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